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Planning Analysis and Evaluation

The document outlines a structured approach to planning, analysis, and evaluation in experimental contexts, focusing on defining problems, data collection methods, and analysis techniques. It emphasizes the identification of variables, data arrangement, graph plotting, and uncertainty calculations. Additionally, it covers advanced data analysis methods, including logarithmic relationships and their applications in deriving constants from experimental data.

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9 views41 pages

Planning Analysis and Evaluation

The document outlines a structured approach to planning, analysis, and evaluation in experimental contexts, focusing on defining problems, data collection methods, and analysis techniques. It emphasizes the identification of variables, data arrangement, graph plotting, and uncertainty calculations. Additionally, it covers advanced data analysis methods, including logarithmic relationships and their applications in deriving constants from experimental data.

Uploaded by

khaleqalimp
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Paper 5: planning, analysis

and evaluation
Lesson 1 : QUESTION 1
Planning, evaluation and analysis
QUESTION 1.
Skill Learning outcomes & Breakdown of skills

1 Define the problem and identify key variables


Planning

2 Describe the method of data collection

3 Describe the method of analysis

Identify additional details, including safety


4
considerations.
(15marks)
Defining the problem

• identify the independent variable in the experiment

• identify the dependent variable in the experiment

• identify the variables that are to be kept constant.


Methods of data collection
• describe the method to be used to vary the independent
variable

• describe how the independent and dependent variables are to


be measured

• describe how other variables are to be kept constant


Cont.
• describe, with the aid of a clear labelled diagram, the
arrangement of apparatus for the experiment and the
procedures to be followed.
Method of analysis
• describe how the data should be used in order to reach a
conclusion, including details of derived quantities to be
calculated from graphs.
Additional detail including safety
considerations
• assess the risks of their experiment

• describe precautions that should be taken to keep risks to


a minimum.
(15marks)
Defining the problem

• identify the independent variable in the experiment

• identify the dependent variable in the experiment

• identify the variables that are to be kept constant.


Methods of data collection
• describe the method to be used to vary the independent
variable

• describe how the independent and dependent variables are to


be measured

• describe how other variables are to be kept constant


Cont.
• describe, with the aid of a clear labelled diagram, the
arrangement of apparatus for the experiment and the
procedures to be followed.
Method of analysis
• describe how the data should be used in order to reach a
conclusion, including details of derived quantities to be
calculated from graphs.
Additional detail including safety
considerations
• assess the risks of their experiment

• describe precautions that should be taken to keep risks to


a minimum.
Lesson 2 : QUESTION 2
Planning, analysis and evaluation
QUESTION 2.
Skill Learning outcomes & Breakdown of skills
ysis, conclusion and evaluation

Analyse data and obtain constants from


1 graphs and rearrange equations in the form
of y=mx+c

2 Complete a table of results.

3 Correctly plot a graph

4 Draw conclusions from the graph

5 Calculate and plot uncertainties


Data analysis
Candidates should be able to:
• rearrange expressions into the forms y = mx + c,
• understand how a graph of y against x is used to find the constants m
and c in an equation of the form y = mx + c
• decide what derived quantities to calculate from raw data in order to
enable an appropriate graph to be plotted.

Eg: to verify the relationship

a graph is plotted of on the y-axis and on the x-axis. Determine an expression for
the gradient (m). What should the y-intercept (c) value be according to the above equation.

m=

c=
Table of results
Candidates should be able to:
• complete a table of results following the conventions required for
Paper 3
• calculate other quantities from raw data and record them in a table
• use the correct number of significant figures for calculated quantities
following the conventions required for Paper 3.

Eg: copy and complete the table by calculating and recording values for
ln (r / mm) and ln (R /  ) and include the absolute uncertainties in ln (r / mm)
r / mm R/ ln (r / mm) ln (R / )
2.0  0.1 175.0
3.0  0.1 77.8
4.0  0.1 43.8
5.0  0.1 28.0
6.0  0.1 19.4
Graph
Candidates should be able to:
• plot a graph following the conventions required for Paper 3
• show error bars, in both directions where appropriate, for each point on the graph
• draw a straight line of best fit and a worst acceptable straight line through the
points on the graph

When plotting the graph, the points are plotted as The worst acceptable line should be either the steepest
normal and extended to show max & min likely values possible line or the shallowest possible line that passes
(for y-values only) through the error bars of all the data points. It should be
distinguished from the line of best fit either by being drawn
as a broken line or by being clearly labelled.

Each small sq.vertically is 0.2cm Worst line of fit is


therefore as there is 2 small the dashed line
squares above and below the
plotted point error is 0.4 . We do
not usually need to worry about the
error bar for the
x-value
Conclusi
on
Candidates should be able to:
• determine the gradient and y-intercept of a straight-line graph
• derive expressions that equate to the gradient or the y-intercept of their
straight lines of best fit
• draw the required conclusions, with correct units and appropriate number of
significant figures, from these expressions.

Treatment of uncertainties
Candidates should be able to:
• convert absolute uncertainty estimates into fractional or percentage
uncertainty estimates and vice versa
• show uncertainty estimates, in absolute terms, beside every value in a
table of results
• calculate uncertainty estimates in derived quantities
• estimate the absolute uncertainty in the gradient of a graph by recalling
that:

• estimate the absolute uncertainty in the y-intercept of a graph by


recalling that
absolute uncertainty = y-intercept of line of best fit – y-intercept of worst
acceptable line
(1mark)
Graph
Lesson 3 : More
complicated analysis
of data
Planning, analysis and evaluation
QUESTION 2.
Skill Learning outcomes & Breakdown of skills

rearrange expressions into the forms y = axn and y


1
= aekx
understand how a graph of log y against log x is
used to
2 find the constants a and n in an equation of the
Analysis

form y = axn

understand how a graph of ln y against x is used to


3 find the constants a and k in an equation of the
form y = aekx

decide what derived quantities to calculate from


4 raw data in order to enable an appropriate graph to
be plotted
y = ax n
Extra: How do you find the antilog of a
number?
Question1) Ln (x) = 0.4

x = e0.4
x = _________

Log antilog
Question 2) Lg (x) = 4

x = 104
x=___________
Where:

b= base (usually 10 or e)
X= log value
Y= number
A relationship of the form
A ball falls under gravity in the absence of air resistance. It falls a distance of s in time t. The results are
given in the first two columns below. A graph of distance fallen against time gives the curve shown below.

Because the graph is a curve it tells us little about


the relationship between the variables. If, However, we
suspect the relationship is of the form y = axn , we can
test this idea by plotting ln s against ln t
Note: we are using natural logs, but
could have equally well use logs to
base 10

Therefore n= gradient

n= 1.98  2.0

Therefore, ln a = y-intercept

ln a = 1.6

By taking antilogarithms we get

Because the graph is a straight line, a = 4.95 ms^-2


the relationship must be of the form
If we compare the equation of freefall
y = axn
s = ½ gt^2 to y = axn
Since
ln y = n ln x + ln a  y = Then we can say that a=½g
axn
Which is in fact consistent with the value we
Y = mx + c have assuming g= 9.8ms^-1
y = ae
kx

Note:
A relationship in the form y = aekx

current flows from a charged capacitor when it is connected in a circuit with a resistor.

Io

R = 20.0k
The graph obtained shows a typical
decay curve, but we cannot be sure it is
exponential. To show the curve is of
the form I = Ioekt

We plot ln I against t

Time/s
Note: we are using natural logs, but
could have equally well use logs to
base 10

Therefore k = gradient

K = -1.98s^-1  -2.0s^-1

Therefore, ln a = y-intercept

ln a = 2.30

By taking antilogarithms we get


Because the graph is a straight line,
the relationship must be of the form a = 9.97  10mA
y = aekx
Hence, we can write an equation to represent the
decreasing current as follows:
Since
y=
ln y = kx + ln a  y= aekx
aekx
y = mx + c
I = 10e-2.0t
Question

Can you
a) …identify graph that you must plot?

b) …find a value for k ?

c) …find a value for s ?


Coursebook questions (q4-7)

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