 INTRODUCTION…….

 MEANING & TYPES OF DATA.

 MEANING ,ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES OF PRIMARY
DATA.
 MEANING , ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES OF
SECONDARY DATA.
 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PRIMARY AND
SECONDARY DATA.
 INTRODUCTION OF SOURCES AND METHODS OF
DATA COLLECTION.
 SOURCES /METHODS OF PRIMARY DATA COLLECTION.
 SOURCES /METHODS OF SECONDARY DATA
COLLECTION.
 CONCLUSION.
 THANK YOU.
 Various methods of collecting data are employed by social
scientists, researcher, investigators, philosopher, and thinkers.
Here we will discuss the varied dimensions relevant to:
*Data generation ,
*Responses and setting for data collection.

 The task of data collection begins after a research problem

has been defined and research design /plan chalked out.
Researcher would have to decide which sort of data he/she
would be using for his study & what method of data
collection to be most suitable.
A statistical investigation deals with large mass of inter-related
facts in the form of numerical figures. These information in
the form of numerical figures is generally termed as data.
Whereas sometimes data can be in the form of general
description or elaboration too.
or
Data are special type of information, generally
obtained through observation, surveys, enquiries, or are
generated as a result of human activity for the purpose of
research.
🞂​Onthe basis of method and sources by which the data is
collected the data is classified into two types:-

PRIMARY
DATA
DATA
SECONDAR
Y
DATA
 PRIMARY DATA : Those data which are collected
afresh and for the first time and thus happen to be
original in character and known as Primary data.
These data are in the shape of raw material.
🞂 ​ Original and independent collection increased
the authenticity of data.
🞂 ​ Directly Collection enhance the reliability of
data.
🞂 ​ Used in both quantitative and qualitative
research methods.
🞂 ​ Hidden information can be collected through
primary data.
🞂 ​ After analyzed primary data can be used
as secondary data.
🞂 ​ Reliability depend on respondents
information accuracy.
🞂 ​Information can be bias.
🞂 ​Expensive and time consuming in nature.
🞂 ​Lack of experience among researcher.
🞂 ​ Requires field work.
 SECONDARY DATA: Those data which have been
collected by someone else and which have already
been passed through the statistical process or
analyzed by someone else are known as Secondary
data. It is the data which may be published or
unpublished, but has been collected and is used for
some other purpose earlier.
🞂 ​ These data can be quickly manageable.
🞂 ​Time and cost balance remains maintained.
🞂 ​Information available is already analyzed by experts.
🞂 ​Used to update data or reinterpret existing ones.
🞂 ​ Helpful for philosopher, thinker or
authors for developing new concept.
🞂 ​ Field work is less.
🞂 ​No standard measurement of validity.
🞂 ​Need expertise.

🞂 ​ Accuracy and reliability is always lesser

than primary data.
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PRIMARY AND SECONDARY DATA

BASES PRIMARY DATA SECONDARY DATA

ORIGINALITY Primary data are Secondary data lacks

always original as it originality. The
is collected by the investigator makes
investigator use of the data
himself. collected by other
agencies.

SUITABILITY Suitability of the Secondary data may or

primary data will may not suit the
be positive objects of enquiry.
because it has
been
systematically
collected
CONT…

TIME & Primary data are Secondary data are

MONEY expensive and relatively cheaper
time consuming. and less time
consuming for data
collection.

EFFORTS More efforts Comparatively

required for secondary data
collecting primary collection
data. required less
effort.
CONT
…
SHAPE Primary data are in Secondary data are
the shape of raw usually in the shape
material. of readymade
products.

PERSONA Possibilities of There are lesser

L personal prejudice are possibilities of
PREJUDIC higher. personal prejudice.
E
INTRODUCTIO
N
In any research design, method of data collection
is considered as the heart of the research.
There are various levels or types of sources of
collecting data, but here we will discuss only
primary and secondary data collection sources. At
every type/level several tools and devices are
employed. The choice of the particular tool of
data collection depends on the attributes of the
respondents as well as appropriateness of
situation of field studies.
🞂 ​ Field of investigation,
🞂 ​ Nature of data required,
🞂 ​ Objectives and scope of
enquiry,
🞂 ​ Budget, & Availability of
resources,
🞂 ​ Degree of accuracy
desired,
🞂 ​ Time factor
 SOURCES/METHODS OF
DATA
COLLECTION
SECONDAR
PRIMAR Y
Y DATA
DATA
PUBLIC
OBSERVATIO DOCUMENT
N
S
INTERVIE SURVE PRIVATE
W Y
/PERSONAL
QUESTIONNAIR PANEL DOCUMENTS
E METHOD

SCHEDUL CASE STUDY

E METHOD
🞂 ​ 1) OBSERVATION METHOD: Observation method is
a method under which data from the field is
collected with the help of observation by the
observer or by personally going to the field. No
conversation or communication should be done
while observing.

🞂​In
the words of P.V. Young, “Observation may
be defined as systematic viewing,
coupled with consideration of seen
phenomenon.”
A)-Structured and Unstructured
Observation.

B)-Participant and Non Participant

Observation. C)-Controlled and

Uncontrolled Observation
1) – It does not rely on people’s willingness to provide
information.
2)- Collect data where and when an event or activity
is occurring.
3)–This method can be used with interview,
survey, and some other data collection method.
4) - No need of question preparation.
5)- it is suitable to studies those respondents who are
not capable of giving verbal response.
1) - Hawthorne effect – people usually perform better
when they know they are being observed.
2)-It is a time consuming method.
3)-Limited information.
4)- Lack of verbal communication causes barriers.
5)- Depends on observer own qualities.
6)- This method is suitable for smaller setting.
2) INTERVIEW METHOD: This method of
collecting data involves presentation or oral-verbal
stimuli and reply in terms of oral-verbal
responses. Conversation and communication is the
main tool of interview.

Types of Interviews:

A) Personal interviews B) Telephonic interviews

C) Structured D) Unstructured
interviews interviews
E) Focused interviews F) In-Depth interviews
These are as follows:
A) Personal interviews: The interviewer asks
questions generally in a face to face contact to the
other person or persons.
B) Telephonic interviews: When it is not possible
to contact the respondent directly, then
interview is conducted through –Telephone.
C) Structured interviews: In this case, a set of
pre- decided questions are there.
D) Unstructured interviews: In this case, we don’t
follow
a system of pre-determined questions.
E) Focused interviews: It has structure and deals with
major of interests which gives respondent freedom to
answer a battery of questions. It involves respondent
regarding particular experience.

F) IN-Depth interviews: The researcher tries to work

out on the fact which reveals respondents motivations,
unsatisfied desires & other crucial factors that are to be
found out of his attitude & behavior. Special devices
used like, rapid fire questioning.
1)-Interviewer can collect supplementary information
about respondent’s personal characteristics and
environment which has value in interpreting results.
2)-Non Responses are generally low.
3)-Samples can be controlled more effectively.
4)-Allows respondents to describe what is important
to them.
5)-There is greater flexibility; due to restructuring
questions can be done.
1)-Respondent may give bias information.

2)-Expensive method.

3)-Some Executive people are not approachable so

data collected may be inadequate.

4)-Takes more time when samples are more,

Systematic errors may be occurred.
3) QUESTIONNAIRE METHOD: This is a set of questions arranged
logically, divided into groups, with the object of collecting
information for research. The questionnaire is mailed to
respondents who are expected to read and understand the
questions and write down the reply in the space meant for the
purpose in the questionnaire itself or either chooses the reply
among all choices available on closed end questionnaire.

VARIOUS FORMS OF QUESTIONS USED IN QUESTIONNAIRE:

A) Direct Question and Indirect Question

B) Open Form of Questions and Closed -end Form of Questions
C)Dual-choice Questions or Multiple Choice Questions (MCQ),
and Scale or Rating Questions .
 1)- Low cost even the geographical area is large
to cover.
2) - Answers are in respondent’s own words so
free
from bias.
3)-Adequate time to think for answers.
4)-Non approachable respondents may be conveniently
contacted.
5)-Large samples can be used so results are more reliable.
1)-Time consuming and expensive compared to other
data collection methods.
2)-It is very expensive method.
3) -Low rate of return of duly filled questionnaire.
4) - It can be used when respondent is educated and
co
-operative.
5)-Difficult to know the expected respondent have
filled the form or it is filled by some one else.
4) SCHEDULE METHOD: It is one of the important
methods for the study of social problems. Schedules is like
a questionnaires but it filled by enumerator. Enumerators
are specially appointed for filling the questionnaire, they
explains the aim and objective to respondent and fill the
answers in provided space.

In the words of Thomas Carson McCormick, “The schedule

is nothing more than a list of questions which it seems
necessary to test the hypothesis.”
1) - In Schedule the information is collected complete
and accurate.
2)-Direct personal contact is established with
respondents and useful in extensive enquiries.
3) - Information can collect from illiterates
also.
4)– Population census all over the world is
conducted through this method.
5) - Non response is low.
1)-Depends on Honesty and competence of
enumerator.

2)-It’s an very expensive and time

consuming method.

3)-This method requires field work.

4)-Not very useful for small organization or small

budget research purpose.
5) SURVEY METHOD: One of the common methods of diagnosing
and solving of social problems are that of undertaking surveys.
Surveys are….
1. A detailed inspection or investigation.
2. A general or comprehensive view.
3.A gathering of a sample of data or opinions considered to
be representative of a whole.

In the words of Festinger and Kat, “Many research problems require

systematic collection of data from population through the use of
personal interviews or other data gathering devices.
🞂 ​ General or Specific survey
🞂 ​ Census or sample survey
🞂 ​ Public opinion surveys
🞂 ​ Private surveys
🞂 ​ Confidential survey
🞂 ​ Postal survey
🞂 ​ Pilot or main survey
🞂 ​ Valid and reliable conclusion.

🞂 ​Helpful in the progress of science.

🞂 ​Study of social changes and problems.

🞂 ​ Some people feel more comfortable

responding to a survey than participating in an
interview.
Good surveys are time consuming.

Given lack of contact with respondent, never

know who really completed the survey.

 Size and diversity of sample will be limited by

people’s ability to read.

 Survey respondents may not complete the survey

resulting in low response rates.
6) PANEL METHOD: In this method, data is collected
from the same sample respondents at the some
interval either by mail or by personal interview.

This is used for studies on:

1) Expenditure Pattern
2) Consumer Behavior
3) Effectiveness of Advertising
4) Voting Behavior and so on
1)-Best method for marketing research.

2) -Helpful in discovering latest changes on trends.

3) -This method is useful before the introduction

of any product and after that too.

4)- Helpful in determining taste and preference of

consumer.
1) - Time consuming.

2) - Useful in long and detailed research

only.

3)- Expensive method.

4)- Depends on respondents honesty

and knowledge.
7) CASE STUDY METHOD: It is an appropriate tool of data
collection in studying a individual a family a institution or
group behavior in detail. It is essentially an intensive
investigation of the particular unit under consideration.

Its important characteristics are as follows:

a)The researcher can take one single social unit or
more of such units for his study purpose.
b)The selected unit is studied intensively i.e. it is
studied in minute details.
c)- The behavior pattern of the concerning unit is
studied.
1) - It is helpful in theory building & testing.
2) - It is widely used in the studies of
psychology, industry, & for anthropological
research.
3) - Fully depicts people’s experience in program
input,
process, and results.
4)- It helps in formulating relevant hypotheses along
with the data which may be helpful in testing them.
5)- Helps to construct appropriate questionnaire or
schedule.
1)-From a methodological view point it is improbable to
classify data into a uniform order.
2)-Case data is hardly comparable with statistical
quantitative data.
3) - Classification & generalization is never being
done.
4)- Its based on several assumptions which may not
be very realistic.
5)- It can use in a limited sphere, not for big society case,
sampling is also not possible.
METHODS/SOURCES OF SECONDARY DATA COLLECTION:-
Secondary data are available mainly in two forms- published data
and unpublished data:-

PUBLISHED DATA: Published data are more often the information

required by individuals and organizations is published in some form
or the other in consideration of user’s need. It can used in annexure
too.
For e.g. the companies publish there financial statements in the form
of quarterly or half yearly or annual reports.

UNPUBLISHED DATA: - Unpublished data are that secondary

information which is available from records which are not published
due to privacy or variety of reasons.
For e.g. works of scholars, research workers, trade associations etc.
1)-PERSONAL/PRIVATE RECORDS OR DOCUMENTS- This
documents denotes individual‘s feelings, opinions and an
idea about different socio-cultural changes, social
incidents and structural changes. These records can be in
both published and unpublished form.
A)-Letters,
B)-Personal diaries,
C)-Autobiography and memories.
D)-Enquiries or investigation of private nature for use of
their members only.
2)-PUBLIC DOCUMENTS OR RECORDS- Public documents
play a vital role in secondary source of data collection.
Various types of unpublished and published data are
collected by government on non government agencies.
These public documents/records are…..
A)-Publications of Central, state, local government.
B)-Technical and trade journals.
C)-Books, Magazines, Newspaper …..
D)-Reports & publications of industry, bank, stock exchange.
E)-Reports by research scholars, Universities, economists.
F)-Association or census reports, reports of international org.
(UNESCO, WHO, ILO etc).
G)-Official records.
H)-Historical records.
🞂​Onthe basis of above it can be concluded that non of
the methods is free from one or the other drawback. In
fact, the method to be chosen depends upon the
nature of investigation, object and scope of enquiry,
budget made for the purpose of data collection,
degree of accuracy desired and time with in which the
data has to be collected.