Scribd
Upload
27 views23 pages

Unit 3 Sensors for Force, Pressure, Stress and Flowv

The document covers various sensors for measuring force, pressure, stress, and flow, detailing pressure scales, types of pressure sensors, and the principles behind gauge, absolute, and vacuum pressure. It explains strain gauges, their importance in load cells, and how they convert force into electrical signals, including different types and selection criteria for strain gauges. Additionally, it discusses solid-state flow sensors and their applications in industrial settings.

Uploaded by

nbm4trade
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
27 views23 pages

Unit 3 Sensors for Force, Pressure, Stress and Flowv

The document covers various sensors for measuring force, pressure, stress, and flow, detailing pressure scales, types of pressure sensors, and the principles behind gauge, absolute, and vacuum pressure. It explains strain gauges, their importance in load cells, and how they convert force into electrical signals, including different types and selection criteria for strain gauges. Additionally, it discusses solid-state flow sensors and their applications in industrial settings.

Uploaded by

nbm4trade
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 23

Unit - III

Sensors for Force, Pressure,


Stress and Flow
Syllabus
• Pressure scales: Newton, Bar, Pascal, PSI -Unit Conversions, Absolute, Gauge and Vacuum Pressure

• Classification of Pressure sensors: Strain gauge (Load Cell using Strain gauge), Piezoelectric

Transducer, Solid State Pressure Sensors (IC’s like GY-63 MS5611-01BA03 to be discussed)

• Differential Pressure Transducer flow measurement (only Mention of basic Principle of working,

• Bernoulli's theorem), Orifice, Venturi, Nozzle flow meter (only Descriptive), Pneumatic sensors

(bellows, diaphragm), Ultrasonic and Hall effect Sensors for flow Measurement

• Solid State Flow Sensors: YF-S201, E8FC-25D, Fiber-Optic Sensors.


Gauge pressure
• Gauge pressure is the pressure measured relative to atmospheric pressure.
• It is positive when above atmospheric pressure and negative when below it.

Formula:
P_abs = P_g + P_atm
Where:
P_abs = Absolute Pressure, P_g = Gauge Pressure, P_atm = Atmospheric Pressure

Example:
• If a tire gauge reads 34 psi, the absolute pressure is:
• 34 psi + 14.7 psi (P_atm) = 48.7 psi (or 336 kPa).
Absolute pressure
• Absolute pressure is the sum of gauge pressure and atmospheric pressure.
• It is always positive, as fluids push rather than pull.
• The smallest absolute pressure is zero (vacuum), and there is no upper limit.
Formula:
P_abs = P_g + P_atm
Where:
P_abs = Absolute Pressure
P_g = Gauge Pressure
P_atm = Atmospheric Pressure

• Pressure measuring devices use Pascal’s principle for accurate readings.


Example: Aneroid gauge, which uses flexible bellows to measure pressure.
Vacuum pressure
• Vacuum pressure is any pressure below atmospheric pressure, often called negative
pressure.
• It is measured relative to ambient atmospheric pressure using units like Pascals (Pa) or
mmHg.

Definition:
Difference between local atmospheric pressure and pressure at the point of measurement.

Measurement:
Measured using a vacuum pressure gauge or a differential pressure transducer.

Types of Vacuum:
1. Rough vacuum: Low vacuum pressure.
2. Medium vacuum: Intermediate vacuum pressure.
3. High vacuum: Very low vacuum pressure.
4. Ultra-high vacuum: Extremely low vacuum pressure.
Strain Gauge Overview

•A Strain Gauge (or Strain Gage) is a sensor whose resistance varies with
applied force.
•Invented in 1938 by Edward E. Simmons and Arthur C. Ruge.
•Used in the geotechnical field to measure strain in dams, buildings, nuclear
plants, tunnels, etc.
•Converts force, pressure, tension, weight, etc. into a change in resistance that
can be measured.
Strain Gauges
• A strain gauge is a device that measures change in electrical
resistance when force is applied.
• Typically made of fine wire or foil arranged in a grid pattern.
• The resistance changes linearly when strain is applied along one axis.

Importance in Load Cells:


• Strain gauges play a crucial role in detecting force and converting it
into a measurable signal.
• They ensure accuracy and reliability in load cell measurements.
What is a Load Cell?
• A load cell is a transducer that converts force into an
electrical signal.
• It measures forces like tension, compression, pressure,
or torque.
• Load cells are widely used in industrial applications for
weight measurement.
Example:
• Weighing scales in industries and retail stores use load
cells to determine the weight of objects.
Strain Gauge Load Cell
• The most commonly used type of load cell.
• Composed of a solid metal body with strain gauges attached.
• Made from durable materials like aluminum, alloy steel, or stainless steel.

Working Principle:
• When force is applied, the body deforms slightly.
• This deformation causes a change in the electrical resistance of the strain
gauge.
• The change in resistance is measured as a voltage change, proportional
to the force applied.
How Does a Load Cell Work?
• Load cells work by converting force into an electrical signal.
• Strain gauges within the load cell detect minute deformations in the
metal body.
• These deformations cause a change in electrical resistance.
• A signal conditioning circuit converts this change into a measurable
voltage.
• The voltage output is proportional to the applied force, allowing
weight measurement.
Gauge Factor
It is defined as unit change in resistance per unit change in length.
It is denoted as G or S. It is also called sensitivity of the strain gauge.

𝑮𝒂𝒖𝒈𝒆 𝑭𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓 (𝑮𝑭)=(∆R/𝑹¿ ¿ ¿ Where ∆R = Corresponding change in resistance R


(∆L/𝑳¿ ∆L = Change in length per unit length.

• The resistance of the wire of strain gauge R is given by


Where ρ = resistivity of the material of wire
• L = length of the wire
• A = cross sectional Area of the wire,
A = K , K is constant and D is the diameter

When the wire is strained, its length increases, and the lateral dimension is reduced as a
function of Poisson’s ratio (µ); consequently, there is an increase in resistance
Types of Strain gauges

1. Wire wounded strain gauges

2. Foil type strain gauge

3. Semiconductor strain gauges

4. Capacitive strain gauges


Types of strain gauge based on mounting:

1. Bonded strain gauge:


• A bonded strain-gage element, consisting of a metallic
wire, etched foil, vacuum-deposited film, or
semiconductor bar, is cemented to the strained surface i.
e carrier.
• Carrier materials: Thin sheet of paper, Bakelite, or Teflon
• Bonded metal wire strain gauge is used for stress analysis.
• A resistance wire strain gauge has a wire of diameter
0.25mm or less.
• A thin protective sheet covers the wire to prevent
mechanical damage.
• The wire is spread to allow uniform stress distribution.
• Adhesive bonding ensures good strain transfer to the grid.
Types of Bonded strain gauge

1. Grid type 2. Rossette type

2. Torque type 3. Helical type


2. Unbonded Strain Gauge:

• The unbonded strain gage consists of


a wire stretched between two points
in an insulating medium such as air.
• One end of the wire is fixed and the
other end is attached to a movable
element.
• Wire material: Copper-nickel,
Chrome-nickel, Nickel-iron (diameter
~0.003 mm).
• Two frames (P and Q) with rigidly fixed
insulated pins.
• Frames can move relative to each other, held
by a spring-loaded mechanism.
• Fine wire resistance strain gauge stretched
around insulated pins.
• Applied force moves frame P relative to frame
Q.
• Causes a change in strain gauge length and
cross-section.
• Resistance of the strain gauge changes,
measured by the Wheatstone bridge
Strain gauge selection criteria:
1. Gauge Length
2. Number of Gauges in Gauge Pattern
3. Arrangement of Gauges in Gauge Pattern
4. Grid Resistance
5. Mass
6. Stability
7. Temperature sensitivity
8. Carrier Material
9. Gauge Width
10. Availability
11. Low cost
Foil type strain gauge
Semiconductor strain gauges
Capacitive strain gauges

You might also like