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Lecture 1 -Database Concepts

This document provides an overview of database concepts, including the distinction between data and information, types of databases, and the importance of database management systems (DBMS). It discusses various database types such as single-user, multiuser, and cloud databases, as well as the advantages of using DBMS for improved data sharing, security, and decision-making. Additionally, it highlights the problems associated with file system data management and the critical components of database design and management.

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5 views

Lecture 1 -Database Concepts

This document provides an overview of database concepts, including the distinction between data and information, types of databases, and the importance of database management systems (DBMS). It discusses various database types such as single-user, multiuser, and cloud databases, as well as the advantages of using DBMS for improved data sharing, security, and decision-making. Additionally, it highlights the problems associated with file system data management and the critical components of database design and management.

Uploaded by

josephagyeman001
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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DATABASE DESIGN

AND MANAGEMENT
Topic: Database Concepts
In this lecture, students will learn;
• The difference between data and information
• What a database is, the various types of databases, and why they are
valuable assets for decision making
• About flaws in file system data management
• Database Design, Database System, and Database Management
System(DBMS)
• The main components of the database system
• The main functions of a database management system (DBMS)
Data Versus Information

DATA is
Raw facts, or facts that have not yet been processed to reveal their
meaning to the end user. E.g 2, 3 Ama, Dery, Teacher, Doctor among
others.

INFORMATION
The result of processing raw data to reveal its meaning. Information
consists of transformed data and facilitates decision making.
Database is
A shared, integrated computer structure that houses a collection of
related data. A database contains two types of data: end-user data (raw
facts) and metadata(data about data).
Types of Databases
• Single-user Database: A database that supports only one user at a
time
• Desktop Database: A single-user database that runs on a personal
computer
• Multiuser Database: A database that supports multiple concurrent
users
Types of Database Continuous
Workgroup Database: A multiuser database usually supports fewer
than 50 users or is used for a specific department in an organization.

Enterprise Database: The overall company data representation, which


provides support for present and expected future needs.

Centralized Database: A database located at a single site.

Distributed Database: A logically related database stored in two or


more physically independent sites.
Types of Database Continuous
Cloud Database: A database that is created and maintained using cloud
services, such as Microsoft Azure or Amazon AWS.
General-purpose Database :A database that contains a wide variety of
data used in multiple disciplines.
Discipline-specific Database: A database that contains data focused on
specific subject areas.
Operational Database:A database designed primarily to support a
company’s day-to-day operations. Also known as a transactional
database, OLTP database, or production database
Analytical Database :A database focused primarily on storing historical
data and business metrics used for tactical or strategic decision making
Other concepts
Data Warehouse
A specialized database that stores historical and aggregated data in a
format optimized for decision support.
Online analytical processing (OLAP) A set of tools that provide
advanced data analysis for retrieving, processing, and modeling data
from the data warehouse.
business intelligence A set of tools and processes used to capture,
collect, integrate, store, and analyze data to support business decision
making to gain competitive advantage.
Unstructured Data
Data that exists in its original, raw state; that is, in the format in which it
was collected
Other concepts
Structured Data: Data that has been formatted to facilitate storage, use,
and information generation.
Semi-structured Data:
Data that has already been processed to some extent
Extensible Markup Language (XML): A metalanguage representing and
manipulating data elements. Unlike other markup languages, XML
permits the manipulation of a document’s data elements
XML database: A database system that stores and manages semi-
structured XML data.
Other concepts
File System Data Management
File System Data Management
File System Data Management
Problems with File System Data Processing
Preamble
The file system method of organizing and managing data was a
definite improvement over the manual system, and the file system
served a useful purpose in data management for some time now
A critique of the file system method serves two major purposes:
Understanding the shortcomings of the file system enables you to
understand the development of modern databases.
Many of the problems are not unique to file systems. Failure to
understand such problems is likely to lead to their duplication in a
database environment, even though database technology makes it
easy to avoid them.
Problems with File System Data Processing
Lengthy development times.

 Difficulty of getting quick answers.

 Complex system administration

 Lack of security and limited data sharing

 Extensive programming.
Problems with File System Data Processing
Structural Dependence: A data characteristic in which a change in the
database schema affects data access, thus requiring changes in all
access programs. The Opposite is Structural Independence.

Data Dependence A data condition in which data representation and


manipulation are dependent on the physical data storage
characteristics. The Opposite is Data Independence
 Data redundancy: Exists when the same data is stored unnecessarily at
different place
 Data integrity problems.
 Data anomaly: A data abnormality in which inconsistent changes have
been made to a database. For example, an employee moves, but the
address change is not corrected in all files in the database.
Database Design, Database System and
Database Management System(DBMS)

Database Design: The process that yields the description of the


database structure and determines the database component.
Database Design, Database System and
Database Management System(DBMS)

Database Design: The process that yields the description of the


database structure and determines the database component.
Database System
An organization of components that defines and regulates the
collection, storage, management, and use of data in a database
environment.
Five Principal Components of a
Database
Hardware System

 Software

 People

 Procedures.

 Data.
Database Management System is
The collection of programs that manages the database structure and
controls access to the data stored in the database.

The DBMS serves as the intermediary between the user and the
database. The database structure itself is stored as a collection of
files, and the only way to access the data in those files is through the
DBMS.
Advantages of Database Management Systems
 Improved data sharing
 Improved data security
 Better data integration
 Minimized data inconsistency.
 Improved data access
 Improved decision making
 Increased end-user productivity
 Data dictionary management.
 Data storage management
 Data transformation and presentation
 Security management.
Advantages of Database Management Systems
 Multiuser access control.
 Backup and recovery management.
 Data integrity management
 Database access languages and application programming interfaces.
 Database communication interfaces

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