Ch3(Data Signals) 1
Ch3(Data Signals) 1
composite.
•
A simple periodic analog signal, a sine wave, cannot be
sine waves.
Figure 3.2 A sine wave
The sine wave is the most fundamental form of a periodic analog signal. When we
visualize it as a simple oscillating curve, its change over the course of a cycle is smooth and
A sine wave can be represented by three parameters: the peak amplitude, the frequency,
Solution
First we change 100 ms to seconds, and then we
calculate the frequency from the period (1 Hz = 10 −3
kHz).
Frequency
• Frequency is the rate of change with respect
to time.
• Change in a short span of time means high
frequency.
• Change over a long span of time means
low frequency.
Note
relative to time 0.
period;
•
A phase shift of 180° corresponds to a shift of one-half of a
Figure 3.5 Three sine waves with the same amplitude and frequency,
but different phases
amplitude is increasing.
amplitude is decreasing.
Solution
We know that 1 complete cycle is 360°. Therefore, 1/6
cycle is
Wavelength
•Wavelength is another characteristic of a signal traveling
•
The propagation speed of electromagnetic signals depends on the medium and on
we are repeating the same word or words with exactly the same
tone.
In a time-domain representation of this composite signal, there
curve.
There are an infinite number of frequencies between 0.0 and
The spectrum has only five spikes, at 100, 300, 500, 700,
and 900 Hz (see Figure 3.13).
Figure 3.13 The bandwidth for Example 3.6
Example 3.7
Solution
The lowest frequency must be at 40 kHz and the highest
at 240 kHz. Figure 3.15 shows the frequency domain
and the bandwidth.
Figure 3.15 The bandwidth for Example 3.8
Data and Signals
3-3 DIGITAL SIGNALS
Solution
The bit rate can be calculated as
Example 3.20
Solution
HDTV uses digital signals to broadcast high quality
video signals. The HDTV screen is normally a ratio of
16 : 9. There are 1920 by 1080 pixels per screen, and the
screen is renewed 30 times per second. Twenty-four bits
represents one color pixel.
Note that both bandwidths are infinite, but the periodic signal has discrete frequencies while
Two low-pass channels: one with a narrow bandwidth and the other with a wide bandwidth. We
need to remember that a low-pass channel with infinite bandwidth is ideal, but we cannot have such
entire spectrum, the continuous range of frequencies between zero and infinity.
between the sender and receiver that preserves the exact amplitude of each
the frequencies at the border of the bandwidth are so small that they can be
ignored.
Figure 3.20 Baseband transmission using a dedicated medium
Note
when the signal carries the sequence 01010101 ... or the sequence
Figure 3.21 Rough approximation of a digital signal using the first harmonic
for worst case
Better Approximation
•To make the shape of the analog signal look more like that
of a digital signal, we need to add more harmonics of the
frequencies.
•We need to increase the bandwidth. We can increase the
bandwidth to 3N/2, 5N/2, 7N/2, and so on.
•Figure 3.22 shows the effect of this increase for one of the
worst cases, the pattern 010.
Figure 3.22 Simulating a digital signal with first three harmonics
Note
more bandwidth.
Table 3.2 Bandwidth requirements
Example 3.22
Solution
The answer depends on the accuracy desired.
a. The minimum bandwidth, is B = bit rate /2, or 500 kHz.
Solution
The maximum bit rate can be achieved if we use the
first harmonic.
minimum bandwidth, is B = bit rate /2
The bit rate is 2 times the available bandwidth, or 200
kbps.
Broadband Transmission (Using Modulation)
dB = 10log10P2 /P1
P1 - input signal
P2 - output signal
Figure 3.26 Attenuation
Example 3.26
Solution
We can calculate the power in the signal as
Example 3.30
(noise).
A high SNR means the signal is less corrupted by noise; a low SNR means
The
the power
signal isofmore
a signal is 10
corrupted mW and the power of the noise is 1
by noise.
μW; what are the values of SNR and SNRdB ?
Solution
The values of SNR and SNRdB can be calculated as follows:
Example 3.32
Solution
They match when we have only two levels. We said, in
baseband transmission, the bit rate is 2 times the
bandwidth if we use only the first harmonic in the worst
case. However, the Nyquist formula is more general than
what we derived intuitively; it can be applied to baseband
transmission and modulation. Also, it can be applied
when we have two or more levels of signals.
Example 3.34
C = B log2(1 + SNR)
Example 3.37
This means that the highest bit rate for a telephone line
is 34.860 kbps. If we want to send data faster than this,
we can either increase the bandwidth of the line or
improve the signal-to-noise ratio.
Example 3.39
Solution
First, we use the Shannon formula to find the upper
limit.
Example 3.41 (continued)
Solution
We can calculate the throughput as
processing delay
Propagation Time
•Propagation time measures the time required for a bit to travel from the
source to the destination.
•The propagation time is calculated by dividing the distance by the
propagation speed.
Solution
We can calculate the propagation time as
Solution
We can calculate the propagation and transmission time
as shown on the next slide:
Example 3.46 (continued)
Solution
We can calculate the propagation and transmission
times as shown on the next slide.
Example 3.47 (continued)
•The third component in latency is the queuing time, the time needed
for each intermediate or end device to hold the message before it can
be processed.
•The queuing time is not a fixed factor; it changes with the load
imposed on the network.
•When there is heavy traffic on the network, the queuing time
Bandwidth-Delay Product
the receiver site is time-sensitive (audio and video data, for example).
•If the delay for the first packet is 20 ms, for the second is 45 ms, and
for the third is 40 ms, then the real-time application that uses the