COMPUTER NETWORKS

Course Instructor:

Dr. Ashfaq Hussain Farooqi

[email protected]
COURSE INSTRUCTOR INFO
▪Course Instructor:
▪Dr. Ashfaq Hussain Farooqi
▪Contact
▪[email protected]
▪Room# 01, Floor III, C-Block
COURSE AND REFERENCE
BOOKS
▪ Text Book:
▪ Computer Networking: A Top Down Approach, Kurose, J.F. &Ross, K.W., 8 th Edition
(2021), Addison Wesley.
▪ Reference Books:
▪ Computer Networks and Internets, Comer, D.E., 6th Edition (2014), Addison
Wesley.
▪ Networking: A Beginner's Guide, Hallberg, B., 6th Edition (2013), McGraw Hill.
▪ Computer Networks, Tannenbaum, 5th Edition (2010), Andrew S. Tenanbaum,
David J.Wetherall

GCR Class code:

lsczkir
TOPICS COVERED
▪ Introduction and overview: Internet?, Network edge: Client Server Programs;
Access Networks and Physical Media; Network Core: Circuit Switching vs. Packet
switching; Protocol layers and their service models: Layered Architecture,
Messages, Segments, Datagrams and Frames
▪ Application Layer: HTTP, FTP, DNS, P2P file distribution
▪ Transport Layer: Transport Layer Services, Multiplexing, De-multiplexing; UDP:
segment structure, Checksum; Connection Oriented TCP: Connection, segment
structure, RTT estimation and timeout
▪ Network Layer: Virtual Circuits and datagram networks; IP protocol: Datagram
format; Routing algorithms: Distance Vector and Link state routing protocols
▪ Link Layer: Link layer services; Error detection techniques; Multiple access
protocols; Random Access Protocols; link layer addressing (ARP); link layer
switches
▪ Physical Layer: Analog and Digital Data; Transmission Impairments; Wireless
and Mobile Networks
▪ Mobility management principles and Security in Computer Networks
EVALUATION CRITERIA
TENTATIVE
Theory (100 %)

Quizzes (4) 15 %

Assignments (4) 15 %

Midterm (1) 25 %

Final (1) 45 %

Note: Strick policy for the cheating in any of the artifact especially
assignments. 5
 COURSE LEARNING
OUTCOMES
CLO Domain BT level GAs
Theory CLOs

1 Describe the key terminologies and technologies of C2 Understand 1

computer networks, protocols and algorithms

2 Apply the concepts of computer networks to solve its C3 Apply 3

related problems

3 Analyse various internetworking devices and protocols, C4 Analyze 4

and their functions in a network

6
INTRODUC
TION
Chapter 1: Introduction, Computer Networking: A Top-Down
Approach,
8th edition, Jim Kurose, Keith Ross, Pearson, 2021
CONTENTS
▪ What is the Internet?
▪ What is a protocol?
▪ Network edge: hosts, access network, physical media
▪ Network core: packet/circuit switching, internet structure
▪ Performance: loss, delay, throughput
▪ Security
▪ Protocol layers, service models
▪ History
The Internet: a “nuts and bolts” view
Billions of connected mobile network
computing devices: national or global ISP
▪ hosts = end systems
▪ running network apps at
Internet’s “edge”

Packet switches: forward

local or
packets (chunks of data) Internet
regional ISP
▪ routers, switches
home network content
Communication links provider
network datacenter
▪ fiber, copper, radio, satellite network

▪ transmission rate: bandwidth

Networks enterprise
▪ collection of devices, routers, network
links: managed by an organization
Introduction: 1-9
 “Fun” Internet-connected devices

Pacemaker &
Monitor Tweet-a-watt:
monitor energy use
Amazon Echo
IP picture frame Web-enabled toaster +
weather forecaster
Internet
refrigerator
Slingbox: remote
control cable TV
Security Camera AR devices
sensorized,
bed
Internet phones mattress
Others?
Fitbit
Introduction: 1-10
The Internet: a “nuts and bolts” view
mobile network
4G
▪Internet: “network of networks” national or global ISP

• Interconnected ISPs
Streaming
▪protocols are everywhere Skype
IP
video
• control sending, receiving of
local or
messages regional ISP
• e.g., HTTP (Web), streaming video,
home network
Skype, TCP, IP, WiFi, 4G, Ethernet content
provider
▪Internet standards HTTP network datacenter
network
Ethernet
• RFC: Request for Comments
• IETF: Internet Engineering Task TCP
Force enterprise
network

WiFi
Introduction: 1-11
The Internet: a “service” view
▪Infrastructure that provides mobile network

services to applications: national or global ISP

• Web, streaming video, multimedia

teleconferencing, email, games, e- Streaming
commerce, social media, inter- Skype video
connected appliances, … local or
regional ISP
▪provides programming interface
to distributed applications: home network content
provider
• “hooks” allowing sending/receiving HTTP network datacenter
network
apps to “connect” to, use Internet
transport service
• provides service options, analogous enterprise
to postal service network

Introduction: 1-12
What’s a protocol?
Human protocols: Network protocols:
▪ “what’s the time?” ▪ computers (devices) rather than humans
▪ “I have a question” ▪ all communication activity in Internet
▪ introductions governed by protocols

… specific messages sent

Protocols define the format, order of
… specific actions taken
when message received, messages sent and received among
or other events network entities, and actions taken
on msg transmission, receipt

Introduction: 1-13
What’s a protocol?
A human protocol and a computer network protocol:

Hi TCP connection
request
Hi TCP connection
response
Got the
time? GET http://gaia.cs.umass.edu/kurose_ross
2:00
<file>
time

Q: other human protocols?

Introduction: 1-14
Chapter 1: roadmap
▪ What is the Internet?
▪ What is a protocol?
▪ Network edge: hosts, access
network, physical media
▪ Network core: packet/circuit
switching, internet structure
▪ Performance: loss, delay, throughput
▪ Security
▪ Protocol layers, service models
▪ History
Introduction: 1-15
A closer look at Internet structure
mobile network

Network edge: national or global ISP

▪hosts: clients and servers

▪servers often in data centers
local or
regional ISP

home network content

provider
network datacenter
network

enterprise
network

Introduction: 1-16
A closer look at Internet structure
mobile network

Network edge: national or global ISP

▪hosts: clients and servers

▪servers often in data centers
local or
Access networks, physical media: regional ISP

▪wired, wireless communication home network content

provider
links network datacenter
network

enterprise
network

Introduction: 1-17
A closer look at Internet structure
mobile network

Network edge: national or global ISP

▪hosts: clients and servers

▪servers often in data centers
local or
Access networks, physical media: regional ISP

▪wired, wireless communication home network content

provider
links network datacenter
network

Network core:
▪interconnected routers enterprise
network
▪network of networks
Introduction: 1-18
Access networks and physical media
Q: How to connect end systems mobile network

to edge router?
national or global ISP

▪ residential access nets

▪ institutional access networks (school,
company)
local or
▪ mobile access networks (WiFi, 4G/5G) regional ISP

What to look for: home network content

provider
network
▪ transmission rate (bits per second) of access datacenter
network
network?
▪ shared or dedicated access among users?
enterprise
network

Introduction: 1-19
Access networks: cable-based access
cable headend

cable splitte
mode r
m

C
O
V V V V V V N
I I I I I I D D T
D D D D D D A A R
E E E E E E T T O
O O O O O O A A L

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Channel
s

frequency division multiplexing (FDM): different channels transmitted in

different frequency bands
Introduction: 1-20
Access networks: cable-based access
cable headend

cable splitte cable modem

mode r CMTS termination system
m
data, TV transmitted at different
frequencies over shared cable ISP
distribution network

▪ HFC: hybrid fiber coax

• asymmetric: up to 40 Mbps – 1.2 Gbs downstream transmission rate, 30-100 Mbps
upstream transmission rate
▪ network of cable, fiber attaches homes to ISP router
• homes share access network to cable headend
Introduction: 1-21
Access networks: digital subscriber line (DSL)
central office telephone
network

DSL splitte
mode r DSLAM
m

voice, data transmitted ISP

at different frequencies over DSL access
dedicated line to central office multiplexer

▪ use existing telephone line to central office DSLAM (Digital Subscriber Line
Access Multiplexer)
• data over DSL phone line goes to Internet
• voice over DSL phone line goes to telephone net
▪ 24-52 Mbps dedicated downstream transmission rate
▪ 3.5-16 Mbps dedicated upstream transmission rate
Introduction: 1-22
Access networks: home networks
wireless
devices

to/from headend or
central office
often combined
in single box

cable or DSL modem

WiFi wireless access router, firewall, NAT

point (54, 450 Mbps)
wired Ethernet (1 Gbps)
Introduction: 1-23
Wireless access networks
Shared wireless access network connects end system to router
▪ via base station aka “access point”

Wireless local area networks Wide-area cellular access networks

(WLANs) ▪ provided by mobile, cellular network
▪ typically within or around operator (10’s km)
building (~100 ft) ▪ 10’s Mbps
▪ 802.11b/g/n (WiFi): 11, 54, 450 ▪ 4G cellular networks (5G coming)
Mbps transmission rate

to Internet
to Internet
Introduction: 1-24
Access networks: enterprise networks

Enterprise link
to
institutional
ISP (Internet)
router
Etherne institutional
t mail,
switch web servers

▪ companies, universities, etc.

▪ mix of wired, wireless link technologies, connecting a mix of switches
and routers (we’ll cover differences shortly)
▪ Ethernet: wired access at 100Mbps, 1Gbps, 10Gbps
▪ WiFi: wireless access points at 11, 54, 450 Mbps
Introduction: 1-25
Host: sends packets of data
host sending function:
▪takes application message
▪breaks into smaller chunks, two packets,
known as packets, of length L bits L bits each
▪transmits packet into access
network at transmission rate R 2 1

• link transmission rate, aka link host

capacity, aka link bandwidth R: link transmission rate

packet time needed to L (bits)

transmission = transmit L-bit =
delay packet into link R (bits/sec)
Introduction: 1-26
Links: physical media
▪ bit: propagates between Twisted pair (TP)
transmitter/receiver pairs ▪ two insulated copper wires
▪ physical link: what lies • Category 5: 100 Mbps, 1 Gbps Ethernet
between transmitter & • Category 6: 10Gbps Ethernet
receiver
▪ guided media:
• signals propagate in solid
media: copper, fiber, coax
▪ unguided media:
• signals propagate freely,
e.g., radio
Introduction: 1-27
Links: physical media
Coaxial cable: Fiber optic cable:
▪ two concentric copper conductors ▪ glass fiber carrying light pulses, each
pulse a bit
▪ bidirectional ▪ high-speed operation:
▪ broadband: • high-speed point-to-point
• multiple frequency channels on cable transmission (10’s-100’s Gbps)
• 100’s Mbps per channel ▪ low error rate:
• repeaters spaced far apart
• immune to electromagnetic noise

Introduction: 1-28
Links: physical media
Wireless radio Radio link types:
▪signal carried in ▪ terrestrial microwave
electromagnetic spectrum • up to 45 Mbps channels

▪no physical “wire” ▪ Wireless LAN (WiFi)

• Up to 100’s Mbps
▪broadcast and “half-duplex” ▪ wide-area (e.g., cellular)
(sender to receiver)
• 4G cellular: ~ 10’s Mbps
▪propagation environment ▪ satellite
effects: • up to 45 Mbps per channel
• reflection • 270 msec end-end delay
• obstruction by objects • geosynchronous versus low-
• interference earth-orbit

Introduction: 1-29
FIVE COMPONENTS OF DATA
COMMUNICATION
DATA FLOW
TOPOLOGIES

Chapter 1: Introduction, Computer Networking: A Top-Down

Approach,
8th edition, Jim Kurose, Keith Ross, Pearson, 2020
FIVE COMPONENTS OF DATA
COMMUNICATION
Data flow can occur in three ways:
▪Simplex: In simplex mode, the communication is unidirectional. only
one of the devices on a link can transmit, the other can only receive. e.g.
keyboards, monitors, etc.
▪Half-duplex: In this mode, each station can both transmit and receive,
but not at the same time. When one device is sending, the other can
only receive, and vice-versa. e.g. walkie-talkies, CB(citizens band) etc.
▪Full Duplex : In full duplex mode, both stations can transmit and receive
simultaneously. One common example of full duplex is the Telephone
network. When two people are communicating by a telephone line,
both can talk and listen at the same time. The full-duplex mode is used
when communication in both directions is required all the time.

Introduction: 1-33
Data flow can occur in three ways:

Introduction: 1-34
 Network Topologies
▪Physically or logically connected ▪Four basic criteria
nodes or devices • Basic cost
• Expense required to link various
▪Star, ring, bus, tree, hybrid nodes or devices in system
▪Topology tradeoffs • Communication cost
• Need for fast communication • Time required to send message from
among all nodes or devices one node or device to another
• Tolerance of failure at a site or • Reliability
communication link • Assurance of nodes or devices
communication if link fails
• Cost of long communication lines
• User environment
• Difficulty connecting one node to • Critical parameters for successful
large number of other nodes business investment
https://www.networkstraining.com/compare-and-contrast-network-topologies/ 35
https://www.studytonight.com/computer-networks/network-topology-types
Wired Network Topologies: Bus Topology
▪Bus topology has a network
arrangement where nodes
make use of a single
communication line for data
transmission.
▪Many networks at the
beginning of computer
networking era made use of
this topology due to easy
implementation

36
Bus Topology
▪Advantages
• Since there is a single communication line, means the same medium is shared.
Therefore, the major advantage of using this topology is its simplicity.
• Easy to setup and extend.
• Less costly. Less cabling needs.
▪Disadvantages
• On the other hand, having a single communication line for data transmission makes it
easier for collision to occur, which is seen as a disadvantage of using this network
topology.
• If the single network cable has a problem or disconnection, the whole network breaks.
• Difficult to identify a problem.
• All devices receive all signals from every other host. This is not efficient.

37
Wired Network Topologies: Star Topology
▪ The star network topology is one of the
most commonly used topologies today
because of its simplicity and efficiency.
▪ In this kind of topology, a centralized
node is located at the core of the
network topology, in which all the other
nodes must communicate through.
▪ This topology is mostly used in homes
and offices today. For example, the
classic Ethernet LAN networks are using
the Star Topology. There is an Ethernet
Switch (centralized node) on which all
computers and network devices are
connected to.
38
Star Topology
▪Advantages
• Easy to install and implement with wiring etc.
• Easy to troubleshoot and detect problems in the network.
• If one device fails, it does not affect the other devices in the network.
• You can easily add or remove devices without affecting the rest of the network.
• Centralized management and monitoring through the central switch/hub.
▪Disadvantages
• Cost of installation is high.
• Expensive to use.
• If the hub fails, then the whole network is stopped because all the nodes depend on
the hub.
• Performance is based on the hub capability
39
Wired Network Topologies: Ring Topology
▪It is called ring topology because it forms a ring as each computer is connected to
another computer, with the last one connected to the first.
• Exactly two neighbors for each device.
▪Features of Ring Topology
• A number of repeaters are used for Ring topology with large number of nodes, because if
someone wants to send some data to the last node in the ring topology with 100 nodes, then
the data will have to pass through 99 nodes to reach the 100th node. Hence to prevent data
loss repeaters are used in the network.
• The transmission is unidirectional, but it can be made bidirectional by having 2 connections
between each Network Node, it is called Dual Ring Topology.
• In Dual Ring Topology, two ring networks are formed, and data flow is in opposite direction in
them. Also, if one ring fails, the second ring can act as a backup, to keep the network up.
• Data is transferred in a sequential manner that is bit by bit. Data transmitted, has to pass
through each node of the network, till the destination node.

40
Wired Network Topologies: Ring Topology

Dual Ring Topology

41
Ring Topology
▪Advantages
• The advantage of using this network topology is the ability to have fast network
throughput.
• Less packet collisions.
• High speed transfers.
• Token is used between nodes thus making this performing better than bus
topology.
▪Disadvantage
• The disadvantage is the point of failure, as a single node can break the
transmission of data on the network.
• Troubleshooting is difficult in ring topology.
• Adding or deleting the computers disturbs the network activity.
42
 Wired Network Topologies: Tree Topology
▪Collection of buses connected by
branching cable
• No closed loops
▪Designers create networks using bridges
▪Message from any site
• Received by all other sites until reaching
end point
▪Reaches end point controller without
acceptance
• Host absorbs message
▪Advantage
• Message traffic still flows even if single node
fails
43
Tree Topology
▪Advantages of Tree Topology
• Extension of bus and star topologies.
• Expansion of nodes is possible and easy.
• Easily managed and maintained.
• Error detection is easily done.
▪Disadvantages of Tree Topology
• Heavily cabled.
• Costly.
• If more nodes are added maintenance is difficult.
• Central hub fails, network fails.

44
Wired Network Topologies: Mesh Topology
▪It is a point-to-point connection
to other nodes or devices. All
the network nodes are
connected to each other.
▪There are two techniques to
transmit data over the Mesh
topology, they are :
• Routing
• Flooding

45
Mesh Topology
▪Advantages of Mesh Topology
• Each connection can carry its own data load.
• It is robust.
• Fault is diagnosed easily.
• Provides security and privacy.
▪Disadvantages of Mesh Topology
• Installation and configuration is difficult.
• Cabling cost is more.
• Bulk wiring is required.

46
Wired Network Topologies: Hybrid Topology
▪ It is two different types of topologies which is a mixture of two or more topologies. For
example if in an office in one department ring topology is used and in another star topology is
used, connecting these topologies will result in Hybrid Topology (ring topology and star
topology).

47
Hybrid Topology
▪Advantages of Hybrid Topology
• Reliable as Error detecting and trouble shooting is easy.
• Effective.
• Scalable as size can be increased easily.
• Flexible.
▪Disadvantages of Hybrid Topology
• Complex in design.
• Costly.

48