• ELEMENTS, COMPOUNDS &

MIXTURES

PRESENTED BY: DR NAMOOBE

1
 Classification of
Matter
• Matter is a
substance that
occupies space and
has mass.
• Matter can be
classified into
• i. Pure Matter
• ii. Impure Matter

2
3
 Impure substances

• Mixtures – two or more substances that are

not chemically combined with each other and
can be separated by physical means. The
substances in a mixture retain their individual
properties.

* 4
 Impure substances
Types of mixtures;
a. Homogeneous Mixtures: Have a uniform
composition throughout. e.g
Solutions – a special kind of mixture where one substance
dissolves in another (e.g., saltwater).
b. Heterogeneous Mixtures: Have a non-uniform
composition. (e.g., oil and water, sand in water)

5
 Solutions
• A solution is a type of homogeneous mixture formed
when one substance dissolves in another.

• A solution always has a substance that is dissolved

and a substance that does the dissolving.

• The substance that is dissolved is the solute

• The substance that does the dissolving is the solvent.

* 6
 Ocean water is a solution

* 7
The universal solvent: Water

8
 Examples of heterogeneous mixtures
• Sand and pebbles
• Oil and water
• Powdered iron and powdered sulfur

* 9
 CHARACTERISTICS OF MIXTURE

• It is an impure substance
• No formula
• They can be mixed in any ratio.
• The properties of the mixture are the properties of
its constituents.
• Constituents can be easily separated by physical
methods e.g. heating, drying, crystallization,
distillation etc.
• It is either homogenous or heterogenous.

* 10
 Separation of Mixtures
Filtration
● Principle: Separates insoluble solids from liquids using a
filter.
● A filter paper or sieve allows liquid (filtrate) to pass
through while trapping solid (residue).
● Used for heterogeneous mixtures (solid-liquid).
Examples:
● Separating sand from water.
● Removing coffee grounds from brewed coffee.

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Separation of Mixtures

12
 Separation of Mixtures

Evaporation
● Principle: Removes a liquid from a solution by
heating, leaving behind the dissolved solid.
● Used for homogeneous mixtures where only the
solid needs to be recovered.
Examples:
● Obtaining salt from seawater.
● Drying wet clothes under the sun.

13
Separation of Mixtures

14
 Separation of Mixtures

Distillation
● Principle: Separates liquids based on different
boiling points.
● The liquid with the lower boiling point evaporates
first, is cooled in a condenser, and collected
separately.
Types:
● Simple distillation: Used when separating liquids
with a large difference in boiling points. e.g ethanol
from water
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16
 Separation of Mixtures

● Fractional distillation: Used for separating a

mixture of liquids with close boiling points.
Examples:
● Purifying water from saltwater.
● Refining crude oil into petrol, diesel, and other
products.

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18
 Separation of Mixtures

Chromatography
● Principle: Separates components of a mixture
based on differences in solubility and adsorption to
a stationary phase.
● Used to separate homogeneous mixtures
● The mixture is dissolved in a solvent (mobile
phase) and moves through a stationary phase
(paper or column).

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 Separation of Mixtures

Examples:
● Identifying dyes in ink (paper chromatography)

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 Pure Substances

• Elements – simplest form of pure substance. They

cannot be broken into anything else by physical or
chemical means.
• Compounds – pure substances that are the unions
of two or more elements. They can be broken into
simpler substances by chemical means.

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 Elements
• Element consist of unique type of atoms.
• Element cannot be further broken into
simple substance by any chemical or
physical means.
• There are 118 elements known???(refer to
periodic table)
• Each element is given a unique chemical
symbol (one or two letters).
• Elements are building blocks of matter.

* 22
 Elements
• In a sample of lead (Pb). All the
atoms in the sample are lead
atoms, so the substance is
homogeneous.

• In a sample of chlorine (Cl). All the

atoms in the sample are chlorine
atoms, so the substance is
homogeneous.

* 23
 Elements

• The earth’s crust consists of 5 main elements.

• The human body consists mostly of 3 main elements.

* 24
 Classification of Elements as Metals & Non- Metals

S.No METALS NON- METALS

.

1 Good conductors of Bad conductors of heat &

electricity & heat electricity

2 Shiny in appearance Usually dull in appearance

3 Strong & hard Usually weak & soft

4 Malleable & ductile Brittle

5 Sonorous Non- Sonorous

* 25
 ELEMENTS & SYMBOLS
METALS ◆NON- METALS
S.No NAME SYMBOL PHYSICA NAME SYMBOL PHYSICAL
L STATE STATE
1 Aluminium Al Solid Argon Ar Gas
2 Calcium Ca Solid Bromine Br Liquid
3 Copper Cu Solid Carbon C Solid
4 Iron Fe Solid Chlorine Cl Gas
5 Magnesiu Mg Solid Silicon Si Solid
6 m Hg Liquid Sulphur S Solid
7 Mercury K Solid Hydrogen H Gas
8 Potassium Na Solid Iodine I Solid
9 Sodium Zn Solid Nitrogen N Gas
10 Zinc Au Solid oxygen O Gas
Gold

◆* Physical states are given at room

temperature.
* 26
 Compounds
• Most elements react to form compounds. Example,
H2O

• The composition of a pure compound is always

the same.
• The proportions of elements in compounds are the
same irrespective of how the compound was
formed.
• If water is decomposed, then there will always be
twice as much hydrogen gas formed as oxygen
* 27
gas.
 CHARACTERISTICS OF COMPOUND
• It is a pure substance.

• It is always homogeneous

• Represented by a FORMULA, eg sodium chloride

NaCl, methane CH4 and glucose C6H12O6

• There must be at least two different types of atom

(elements) in a compound.

• Have a fixed composition and therefore a fixed ratio

of atoms represented by a fixed formula.

* 28
 CHARACTERISTICS OF COMPOUND

• Elements are not separated by physical means.

• The compound has properties quite different from the

elements it is formed from.

• The formula of a compound summarizes the 'whole number'

atomic ratio of what it is made up of eg methane CH4 is
composed of 1 carbon atom combined with 4 hydrogen
atoms.

• The word formula can also apply to elements. eg hydrogen

H2, oxygen O2, ozone O3, phosphorus P4.

* 29
 EXAMPLES OF SOME FORMULA

S.No. COMPOUND FORMULA ELEMENT FORMULA

1 Water H2O Hydrogen H2

2 Sodium hydroxide NaOH Oxygen O2
3 Calcium CaCO3 Chlorine Cl2
4 carbonate C2H5OH Nitrogen N2
5 Ethanol Fluorine
H2SO4 F2
6 Sulphuric acid Bromine
Ba(NO3)2 Br2
Barium nitrate

* 30
 Compounds
• Lead has two charges listed, +2
and +4. This is a sample of lead
(II) chloride (PbCl2). Two or more
elements bonded in a whole-
number ratio is a COMPOUND.
• This compound is formed from
the +4 version of lead. This is
lead (IV) chloride (PbCl4). Notice
how both samples of lead
compounds have constant
composition throughout?
Compounds are homogeneous!
* 31
 Types of Compounds

• Ionic Compound: made of metal and

nonmetal ions. Form an ionic crystal lattice
when in the solid phase. Ions separate when
melted or dissolved in water, allowing
electrical conduction. Examples: NaCl, K2O,
CaBr2

* 32
 Ionic Compounds

* 33
 Types of Compounds
• Molecular Compound: made of nonmetal atoms
bonded to form a distinct particle called a
molecule. Bonds do not break upon melting or
dissolving, so molecular substances do not
conduct electricity. EXCEPTION: Acids [H +A- (aq)]
ionize in water to form H3O+ and A-, so they do
conduct.

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 Molecular Compounds

* 35
 Types of Compounds
Network Compounds : Network solids are made of
nonmetal atoms covalently bonded together to form
large crystal lattices. No individual molecules can be
distinguished. Examples include SiO2 (quartz).
Corundum (Al2O3) also forms these, even though Al is
considered a metal. Network solids are among the
hardest materials known. They have extremely high
melting points and do not conduct electricity.

* 36
 CHARACTERISTICS OF PURE & IMPURE SUBSTANCES

Pure Substance Impure Substance

Boils at a constant Can boil at higher than
temperature i.e. it has the expected boiling
a fix boiling point. point and over a range
of temperature.

Melts quite sharply at Melts below its

the melting point. expected melting point
and slowly over a wider
temperature range.

* 37
 TESTING THE PURITY OF A SUBSTANCE
S.No TEST PURE IMPURE SUBSTANCE
SUBSTANCE
1 MELTING POINT It melts at a fix Do not have a fix melting
temperature e.g. pure point. It melts at a range of
naphthalene melts at temperature. Impurity lower
80oC down the m.p. The greater
the % of impurity the lower
the m.p. e.g. impure
naphthalene melts at 76oC
to 78oC.
2 BOILING POINT It boils at fixed It boils at a range of
temperature e.g. pure temperature e.g. petrol boils
ethanol boils at 78oC at 35oC to 75oC.

3 CHROMATOGRAPHY Pure substance will Impure substance will form

form one spot several spots.

Topic 5.1 : ELEMENTS,

COMPOUNDS & MIXTURES 38
 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN COMPOUNDS & MIXTURES
S. No. MIXTURE COMPOUNDS

1 The substance are mixed Substance chemically react to form

together, no reaction take a new compound.
place.
2 Composition can be varied Composition of new compound is
always same.
3 Properties of the The properties of new compound
constituents present, are very different from those of the
remain same. element in it.

4
Can be separated by Cannot easily be separated into its
physical method such as elements.
filtration, distillation etc.

* 39
 Physical and Chemical Changes

1. Physical Changes
● No new substance is formed.
● Affects only physical properties like shape, size,
and state.
● Reversible.
Example: Melting of ice, boiling of water, dissolving
salt in water.

40
 Physical and Chemical Changes

2. Chemical Changes
● A new substance is formed with different
properties.
● Irreversible.
● Energy changes occur.
Example: Rusting of iron, burning of wood,
digestion of food
41
 Physical vs. Chemical Properties
• Physical properties can be measure without changing
the basic identity of the substance (e.g., color, density,
odor, melting point)
• Chemical properties describe how substances react or
change to form different substances (e.g., hydrogen burns
in oxygen)
• Intensive physical properties do not depend on how
much of the substance is present.
– Examples: density, temperature, and melting point.
• Extensive physical properties depend on the amount of
substance present.
– Examples: mass, volume, pressure.

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THE END

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