Tuklasi

Counseling

1
 VALUES
Where there is no guidance, a
falls, but in an abundance
of counselors there is
safety.
-Proverbs
11:14

2
Lesson 2.1

Basic Concepts
of Counseling

Disciplines and Ideas in the Applied Social Sciences

General Academic Strand | Humanities and Social Sciences
 ● Explain the definition of counseling.

● Identify the different types, forms, dimensions, and goals of

Learning counseling
Objectives
● Discuss the scope of counseling.

● Distinguish among the different principles of counseling.

● Understand the relevance of each principle of counseling to the

actual counseling process.

● demonstrate a high level of understanding of the basic concepts

of counseling through a group presentation of a situation in
which practitioners of counseling work together to assist
individuals, groups, or communities involved in difficult
situations (e.g., postdisaster, court hearing about separation of
celebrity couple, cyber bullying) .
4
 The Magic Key Activity
Explor
e
1. Prepare a piece of paper, pencil, and coloring
materials.
2. Listen to the paragraph that will be read and
respond to what will be asked.

5
 The Magic Key Activity
Explor
e “Imagine that you have been given a magic key that opens one
room in a huge castle. There are four floors in the castle, and
since the castle is huge, there are many rooms on each floor.
Your magic key opens only one of the many rooms in the castle.
Go from room to room, and from floor to floor, trying your magic
key on each door until you finally reach the door that your key
opens. You turn the key and the lock opens. Because you have
been given a magic key that opens only this door, what you see
is the one thing that money can’t buy but you have always
thought would make you happy. You are looking into the room.
What is it that you see? What is that one thing that has been
missing that money can’t buy but you have always thought
would make you happy? Once you have come up with a clear 6
Explor What do you think is the purpose of the
e
activity?

The activity is an example of a counseling

strategy. Based on this premise, what can
you conclude about counseling?

What do you think is the importance of

counseling?

7
 Definition of Counseling
Counseling

● a profession and a discipline

● an interactive and learning

process

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Definition of Counseling
Counseling as a Learning
Process
● Improve knowledge about one’s
self.
● Identify strengths and
weaknesses.
According
● Evaluatetoone’s
Dustin and George
capabilities.
(1973), counseling is a learning
process designed to increase
adaptive behavior and decrease
maladaptive behavior.
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Definition of Counseling

Counseling as an Interactive Process

“Counselling is an interactive process conjoining

the counsellee who needs assistance and the
counsellor who is trained and educated to give this
assistance.” (Perez 1965)

● The counselor establishes a safe space.

● The counselee may share his or her
dilemma, and the counselor will listen.
● The counselee also listens to the points
of the counselor.
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 Potential Outcomes of Counseling
1. Resolution
● achieving an understanding or perspective on the
problem
● arriving at a solution or new perspective on the
problem or dilemma
● taking action to change the situation in which the
problem arose

Sample situation: You feel overwhelmed with the amount of schoolwork that
you have to do, and you feel burdened with anxious thoughts about your own
ability to accomplish them. With the help of a counselor, you can have someone
to listen to you and also provide you with valuable skills to help you better take
care of yourself and cope with your academic load.
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 Potential Outcomes of Counseling
Learning

● new understanding of one’s self or one’s issue at

hand
● new skills needed to deal with the problem
● new methods or strategies for coping
Sample situation:

You find it hard to manage thoughts that make you feel sad or anxious.
Counseling can help you deal with them through skills such as noticing
your emotions, focusing on the present moment, or questioning the
truthfulness of your interpretations.
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 Potential Outcomes of Counseling
Social Inclusion

“Counselling stimulates
the energy and capacity of
the person as someone
who can contribute to the
well-being of others and
the social good.” (McLeod
2004, 16)

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 Counseling and Psychotherapy

What’s their difference?

● Both can help people with problems in living such as

grief, stress, and relationship problems.

● Psychotherapists are more equipped to deal with

severe psychological disorders.

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 True or False. Identify whether the following statements
about counseling are true or false. If false, replace the
Try
underlined word with the correct one.
This!
1. Counseling is a learning process between a counselor and a client
that aims to achieve a better understanding of oneself.
2. Counseling is an interactive process that expects the client to
establish a safe space in the conversation.
3. At the end of a counseling session, the counselor may reach a
resolution or a solution to the problem.
4. At the end of a counseling session, the client may achieve social
inclusion or better adaptation to the environment, thus making him or
her a more productive member of the society.
5. At the end of a counseling session, the counselor may learn new
skills and knowledge on how to approach certain circumstances in
his or her life.
15
Challen
ge
Yourself ESSAY WRITING. Given the following
topics on the next slides, create an essay
with no less than three arguments. Support
your statements with explanations and
concrete examples.

16
 a. Counseling in the Midst of a
Challen Pandemic (Share your thoughts on the
ge
Yourself relevance of counseling when a society is
facing a pandemic.)

b. Counseling and War Veterans

(Share your thoughts on the relevance
of counseling to veterans of war.)

17
Lesson 2.2

Goals and Scope of

Counseling

Disciplines and Ideas in the Applied Social Sciences

General Academic Strand | Humanities and Social Sciences
 Goals of Counseling
What are the goals of counseling?

Goals are the desired result of a process. Since counseling

caters to many types of clients with different concerns, it
also has varying goals and objectives.

● Goals of Counseling (Gibson and Mitchell 2003)

● Aims of Counseling (McLeod 2003)

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 Goals of Counseling
Goals of Counseling (Gibson
and Mitchell 2003)
1. Developmental Goal –
developing human growth
(social life, personal life,
psychological and physical
well-being)

Examples: developing a growth

mindset, developing a reading
habit 20
 Goals of Counseling
Goals of Counseling (Gibson
and Mitchell 2003)
2. Preventive Goal – avoiding
undesirable outcomes,
behavior, or habits

Example: managing test anxiety

the next time the client will take
an exam

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 Goals of Counseling
Goals of Counseling (Gibson
and Mitchell 2003)
3. Enhancement Goal –
enhancing special skills or
abilities → self-actualization

Example: improving public

speaking skills

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 Goals of Counseling
Goals of Counseling (Gibson
and Mitchell 2003)
4. Remedial Goal – overcoming
and treating an undesirable
development

Example: overcoming alcohol

addiction

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 Goals of Counseling
Goals of Counseling (Gibson
and Mitchell 2003)
5. Exploratory Goal – exploring
new fields, activities, and skills

Example: being involved in

adventure sports (e.g., rock
climbing, hiking) to avoid
gambling addiction

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 Goals of Counseling
Goals of Counseling (Gibson
and Mitchell 2003)
6. Reinforcement Goal –
adopting or maintaining
psychologically helpful actions,
thoughts, and feelings

Example: managing one’s

anxiety when talking to new
people
25
 Goals of Counseling
Goals of Counseling (Gibson
and Mitchell 2003)
7. Cognitive Goal – acquiring
foundational skill of learning
and other cognitive skills

Example: improving sustained

attention or focus on an activity
for a long period of time

26
 Goals of Counseling
Goals of Counseling (Gibson
and Mitchell 2003)
8. Physiological Goal – learning
and developing habits for good
health

Example:
setting an exercise routine

27
 Goals of Counseling
Goals of Counseling (Gibson
and Mitchell 2003)
9. Psychological Goal –
controlling emotions, having a
positive self-concept, and
developing interaction skills

Example: learning to properly

express anger without hurting
oneself or others
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 Scope of Counseling

● individual or personal
counseling
● family counseling
● community counseling
● career counseling
● behavioral counseling
● health counseling

29
 Matching Type. Identify what being is described
in the following items below
Try
This!
1. assisting the client in understanding what one should do
to achieve good health
2. assisting the client in developing skills for social
interaction, managing one’s emotions, and
developing a positive self-concept
3. assisting the client in recognizing that his or her
thoughts and feelings are valid
4. helping the client try out new activities and skills
5. assisting the client in avoiding an undesirable behavior
or habit

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Lesson 2.3

Core Values of Counseling

Disciplines and Ideas in the Applied Social Sciences

General Academic Strand | Humanities and Social Sciences
 General Core Values of Counseling
General Core Values of Counseling

● There is a set of personal qualities that all

practitioners should possess.

(Ethical Framework for Good Practice of the British

Association for Counselling and Psychotherapy, BACP).

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 General Core Values of Counseling
1. SINCERITY

● staying true to what has

been vowed or promised to
do for the client.

Ex. Ms. Cambaya consistently

maintains confidentiality, never
sharing Maria’s personal information
or details of their sessions without
her explicit consent. 33
 General Core Values of Counseling
2. INTEGRITY
● being honest, straightforward,
and easily understandable

● always considering what is

morally correct in all of the
actions

Ex. Mr. Braga openly admits to Maria

that he doesn’t have all the answers
but will work together with her to
34
find the best approach for managing
 General Core Values of Counseling
3. RESILIENCE

● capacity of the counselor to

work with the client without
feeling emotionally drained

Ex. Mr. Santos sets boundaries

and practices self-care, enabling
him to support Maria without
feeling emotionally drained.
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 General Core Values of Counseling
4. HUMILITY

● acknowledging own strengths

and weaknesses in terms of
dealing with the client’s issues
or dilemmas

Ex. Mr. Santos tells Maria he’s good

with stress management but may
refer her to a specialist for more
complex issues. 36
 General Core Values of Counseling
5. COMPETENCE

● effectively implement
methods and techniques in
one’s work
● show the skill that would be
useful depending on the action
planned during the counseling
process

Ex. Ms. Cambaya skillfully uses 37

 General Core Values of Counseling
6. FAIRNESS

● consistently apply the

appropriate criteria in
addressing the issues that the
clients face

Ex. Mr. Baraga uses a standardized

assessment tool to evaluate clients
with similar symptoms of anxiety,
ensuring that all clients receive a
38
comparable evaluation.
 General Core Values of Counseling
7. WISDOM

● has enough knowledge to

make sound judgements
regarding any given situation

Ex. Mr. Felix uses his understanding

of adolescent development and
common stressors in high school to
assess the student's situation.
39
 General Core Values of Counseling
8. COURAGE
● ability to perform one’s work in
spite of possible fears,
risks, and uncertainty

Ex. Despite knowing that Maria's

deep-seated anxiety may not resolve
quickly, Mr. Santos bravely continues
to explore effective treatment
options and strategies.
40
 General Core Values of Counseling
9. RESPECT FOR HUMAN DIGNITY

● acknowledging that each

client’s individuality and
personhood (Zastrow, 2017,
91; Hall and Hurley 2003, 479)

Ex. Instead of a one-size-fits-all

approach, the counselor tailors
support by considering the client’s
unique cultural values, traditions,
41
and personal experiences.
 General Core Values of Counseling
10. PARTNERSHIP
● refrain from dictating what the
client should do, but to instead
collaborate with the client
(Corey 2017, 442).

Ex. Instead of a one-size-fits-all

approach, the counselor customizes
support based on the client's cultural
values and personal experiences.
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 Ethical Principles of Counseling
Ethical Principles of Counseling

● FIVE MORAL PRINCIPLES IN COUNSELING,

Kitchener (1984), McLeod (2003)
○ Principle of Autonomy
○ Principle of Nonmaleficence and Beneficence
○ Principle of Justice
○ Principle of Fidelity

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Ethical Principles of Counseling
1. PRINCIPLE OF AUTONOMY

● gives the freedom of choice to

the clients
● exception : children and those
with mental disabilities
● INFORMED CONSENT :
unethical to proceed to
counseling without the consent
of the client
44
Ethical Principles of Counseling
2. PRINCIPLE OF
NONMALEFICENCE AND
BENEFICENCE
● technique and methods in the
process of counseling → must not
harm the client (maleficence)
● similar to principle of responsible
caring → aware of the benefits and
also the possible dangers of a
particular plan or action
(beneficence)
45
Ethical Principles of Counseling
3. PRINCIPLE OF JUSTICE

● fair distribution of resources

and services
● counseling must be non-
discriminatory

46
Ethical Principles of Counseling
4. PRINCIPLE OF FIDELITY

● loyalty, reliability,
dependability and action in
good faith
● counselor must be transparent
to the client the entire
counseling process

47
 Check
Your
Progress

What is the relevance of knowing the core

values and ethical principles of counseling
as a counselor or a client?

48
 Modified True or False. Write true if the
Try statement is correct. Otherwise, rewrite the
This! sentence to make it correct.
1. Competence, as a core value of counseling,
pertains to the counselor’s capacity to
provide proper care and help to the client
using the skills that the counselor has.

49
 Modified True or False. Write true if the
Try statement is correct. Otherwise, rewrite the
This! sentence to make it correct.
2. Integrity, as one of the core values of
counseling, refers to the counselor’s
capacity to work with the client without
losing emotional energy.

50
 Modified True or False. Write true if the
Try statement is correct. Otherwise, rewrite the
This! sentence to make it correct.
3. Humility, as one of the core values of
counseling, pertains to the counselor’s
ability to recognize that he or she may still
have areas to improve on.

51
 Modified True or False. Write true if the
Try statement is correct. Otherwise, rewrite the
This! sentence to make it correct.
4. Being sincere means that the counselor
makes sure that his or her clients experience
the kind of assistance they need no matter
what their economic status is.

52
 Modified True or False. Write true if the
Try statement is correct. Otherwise, rewrite the
This! sentence to make it correct.
5. A counselor demonstrating wisdom is able to
perform his or her work in spite of fears,
risks, and uncertainty.

53
Lesson 2.4

Principles of Counseling

Disciplines and Ideas in the Applied Social Sciences

General Academic Strand | Humanities and Social Sciences
The Role of the Counselor

● Counselors serve as the change agents

by which these changes can be
facilitated.

● Counselors guide clients in recognizing

and addressing problematic behaviors,
irrational thoughts, and intense feelings.

● Counselors are not advisers or coaches

that are expected to provide answers and
solutions to the client’s concerns.
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Principles of Counseling

Principles of Counseling serve two purposes:

● as a standard of professional
behavior, and

● as a means to recognize areas of

improvement.

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 Principles of Counseling
Reassurance

promotes exploration of new

relationships and
experiences while helping
the client diminish any
anxious feelings in the
process.

57
 Principles of Counseling
Release of Emotional
Tension
● A safe and
nonjudgmental space is
given to let emotions out.

● Clients navigate feelings

and understand their
causes and impacts.

58
 Principles of Counseling
Clarified Thinking

attainment of more rational

and objective thought
patterns that lead clients to
make better decisions

59
 Principles of Counseling
Reorientation

Helping clients change or

reorganize their goals based
on an understanding of their
level of aspiration, their
limitations, and their
emotional characteristics

60
 Principles of Counseling
Listening Skills

This involves understanding

the client’s statements and
taking note of cues,
behaviors, and expressions
that provide more
information about the client.

61
 Principles of Counseling
Respect

● Counselors are expected to show respect to their

clients regardless of beliefs, attributes, characteristics,
or experiences.

● Facilitating respect in counseling also requires the

counselor to respect the client’s privacy, boundaries,
and decisions.

62
 Principles of Counseling
Empathy and Positive
Regard
● Empathy is the ability to fully understand the client’s
world, as if it was the counselor’s own.

● Positive regard refers to the act of supporting the

client without conditions or judgment.

63
Principles of Counseling

Clarification, Confrontation, and

Interpretation
● Clarification involves clarifying any vague or
ambiguous statements made by the client.

● Confrontation involves bringing to the surface the

feelings, behaviors, or thoughts that the client may
fail to recognize.

● Interpretation is the counselor’s attempt to provide

hypothetical feedback about the causes of client’s
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issues.
 Principles of Counseling
Transference and Countertransference

Transference refers to the clients’ expression of

feelings, thoughts, and behaviors toward the
counselor that provides insights about their
personal issues or current challenges.

Countertransference is the counselor’s

reactions to the client’s transference, triggered
by the counselor’s own personal issues,
challenges, and experience.
65
 Check
Your
Progress

From your perspective, is there any

principle that is more valuable than the
others? Explain your answer.

66
Evaluating the Principles of Counseling

The principles of counseling in professional

practice should serve as a basis for
understanding the quality of care and type
of effort that counselors and clients need to
exert in the therapeutic relationship.

The principles of counseling should be

understood in a holistic context.

67
 Provide a situational example that showcases
Try each principle of counseling specified below.
This!
a. Countertransference
b. confrontation

68
Challen Short Response Essay. Place yourself in
ge
Yourself the shoes of a beginning counselor.
Evaluate the following scenarios and
explain how you are going to address the
client’s issue using the principles of
counseling. Choose only one from the two
scenarios

69
Challen
ge 1. Ana has been harboring feelings of anger and
Yourself disappointment towards his best friend who
betrayed him. He is hesitant to confront him
because of his fear that the situation may turn into
a fight.

70
 Performance Activity: The Benefits of Counseling
The goal is to demonstrate a high level of understanding of the basic concepts of
Writin counseling.
g Tip
You are a team of counselors, and your Role is to educate the audience about the
benefits of counseling and encourage them to seek counseling services.

Your audience or clients are individuals, groups or communities facing difficult

situations such as post disaster stress, court hearings about family matters, and
cyberbullying.

In this situation, your team is assigned to assist individuals who have experienced
difficult situations. However, your clients are hesitant to participate because they are
unfamiliar with the purpose and benefits of counseling. The challenge is to educate
them about the goals, scope, principles, and core values of counseling and encourage
them to participate in the activities you prepared.

71
 Bibliography

Corey, Gerald. Theory and Practice of Counseling and Psychotherapy. Nelson Education, 2017.

Patrick, Pamela KS. Contemporary Issues in Counseling. Allyn & Bacon, 2007.

Sue, Derald Wing, David Sue, Helen A. Neville, and Laura Smith. Counseling the Culturally Diverse: Theory and
Practice. John Wiley & Sons, 2019.

Truax, Charles B., and Robert Carkhuff. Toward Effective Counseling and Psychotherapy: Training and Practice.
Transaction Publishers, 2007.

Tudor, Louise Embleton, Keemar Keemar, Keith Tudor, Joanna Valentine, and Mike Worrall. The Person-Centred
Approach: a Contemporary Introduction. Macmillan International Higher Education, 2004.

72
 Your product is to show how practitioners of counseling assist and help those
who have experienced difficult situations through a role-playing presentation.
1. The class will be divided into three groups. Each group will be asked to
Writin assist a specific client:
g Tip a. a community that experienced a disaster (e.g., strong
typhoons, earthquake)
b. individuals who were involved in a court hearing about
family issues
c. individuals who experienced cyber bullying
2. Research about your assigned topic. You may read articles or watch the news
to have a basic understanding of these situations.
3. Discuss the plot, script, and other details necessary in your role play. Make
sure that counseling goals, scope, principles and values are clearly identified in
your
presentation.
4. You may use costumes and props to depict a real-world environment.
5. Perform your role-play presentation in front of the class.

73
Writin
Alternative Digital Output
As an alternative digital output, the group may create a video
g Tip drama following the guidelines stated above. The technical
requirements are as follows:

a. The video must be three to five minutes long.

b. At the end of the video, include a one-minute explanation
of the situation presented and the benefits of counseling.
c. Upload the video to a free video streaming site, and share
the link to the class.

74
 Bibliography

Corey, Gerald. Theory and Practice of Counseling and Psychotherapy. 10th ed.
Boston: Cengage Learning, 2017.

Counseling at Northwestern. “What Is Counseling?”. Accessed February 11, 2020.

https://counseling.northwestern.edu/about/become-a-counselor/what-is-counseling

Geneseo State University of New York. “What is counseling?” Accessed February 11,
2020. https://www.geneseo.edu/hr/counseling-improve-performance.

Gibson, Robert L., and Marianne H. Mitchell. Introduction to Counseling and Guidance. 6th ed. Upper Saddle
River, N.J.: Merrill/Prentice Hall, 2003.

75
 Bibliography

Harvard Health Publishing. “Treating Social Anxiety Disorder.” Last modified March, 2010.
https://web.archive.org/web/20210323090430/https://www.health.harvard.edu/newsletter_article/treatin
g-social-anxiety-disorder
.

Lazzari, Carlo. Spiritual Counseling in Medicine: Theories and Techniques of Counseling During Stressful Life
Events, Severe Illnesses, and Palliative Care. Bloomington: iUniverse, 2009.
https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=4NyUBFuKPBQC&printsec=frontcover&redir#v=onepage&q&f=f
alse
.

McLeod, John. An Introduction to Counseling. 3rd ed. New York: Open University Press, 2003.

Shubina, Ivanna. “Counseling and therapy of patients with behavioural disorders using the cognitive-
behavioural approach.” Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 217 (2016) 1008-18. doi: 76
 Bibliography

Stavestrand, Stravestrand Haukenes., Sirevåg, Kristine, Nordhus, Inger Hilde Nordhus., Sjøbø, Trond, Endal,
Trygve Brun, Nordahl, Hans M, Specht, Karsten, et al. “Physical exercise augmented cognitive behaviour
therapy for older adults with generalised anxiety disorder (PEXACOG): study protocol for a randomized
controlled trial.” Trials 20, no. 174 (2020)
https://trialsjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13063-019-3268-9.

77
Photo Credit

Slide 12: MANNA Counseling by Kendl123 is licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 via Wikimedia Commons.

78
 Bibliography

Crenshaw, David. Engaging Resistant Children in Therapy: Projective Drawing and StoryTelling Strategies. New
York: Rhinebeck Child and Family Center Publications, 2004.

Dustin, Richard, and Rickey George. Action Counseling for Behavior Change. Pennsylvania: Intext Educational
Publishers, 1973.

Gustad, John. “The Definition of Counseling.” In Roles and relationships in counseling, edited by Ralph F.
Berdie, 3-19. Minnesota: University of Minnesota Press, 1953.

Lewis, Edwin. The Psychology of Counseling. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1970.

79
 Bibliography

Mcleod, John. An Introduction to Counselling, 3rd ed. New York: Open University Press, 2004.

Perez, Joseph Francis. Counseling: Theory and Practice. Michigan: Addison-Wesley, 1965.

Shertzer, Bruce, and Shelley C. Stone. Fundamentals of Guidance. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1976.

Wampold, Bruce. "How important are the common factors in psychotherapy? An update." World Psychiatry 14,
no. 3 (2015): 270-77. https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20238.

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