RECAP

Rankine Cycle with Superheat and Reheating

T
2 HP

1 4
LP
3

5
6
S
The expansion takes place in two (or more) turbine (HP), intermediate pressure,
(LP) turbine
 Schematic Arrangement for Reheat Cycle

W23 + W45
2
HP LP

3
Fuel (coal) 4

Q12 Q34
Air
5
1

Q56
W61
 Application of 2ND Law of Thermodynamic

r ved
n se
o
High Temperature
b ec
Source y a nd
nerg t i on t i t y
e c
t ha
t
d ire quan
i r es t a in l as
q u ss e r e l
e
r oce c
a as w
a w r i n
ST L a p u r lity
Heat 1 r i ng c
c qua
o
Engine du e ss has
Part of the heat rejected by heat r oc rgy
P e
2 a t en
ND
engine is converted to work, while
the rest is rejected to sink th

Low Temperature
Sink
 Heat Engines are Characterised by the Followings:

• Receive heat from a high-temperature source (solar energy, oil,

furnace, nuclear reactor etc).

• Convert part of the this heat to work (usually in the form of a

rotating shaft)

• Reject the remaining waste heat to a low-temperature sink (the

atmosphere, river etc.)

• Operate on a cycle
 Definition of a Heat Engine (Steam Plant) si ze )

o il er
( B
(Am r ate
to s ount o flo w
t f
tem eam in heat a ss
el m
Energy source
per su
atu a boile pplie (such as furnace) f u
re s
our r from
d
l ue,
a
ce ) a hi
gh QIN i ngv
eat
H
(A System boundary y
to mou re db )
pu nt e e
s h of e l i v rb i n
d u
wa w rk i n t
te ork wo d
rt
o b req t o f x p an
n
oil uire WOUT
m ou s it e
er d
) ( A am a
WIN HE St e

ns e r
i n c o nde
a m
c t e d by ste sink)
reje ure (
QOUT (Heat temperat
w
to a l o
Energy sink
(Sink such as atmosphere)
 Net Work Output of Our System

Wnet , out  Wout  Win

Net work output is also given by:
Wnet , out  Qin  Qout
 Thermal Efficiency is Given by

desired output
Performance =
required input
OR
Net work output
Wnet , out
=
Thermal Efficieny = total heat input Qin

Qout
th = 1-
Qin
 Some Kelvin – Planck Statement

• It is impossible for any device that operates on a cycle to

receive heat from single reservoir and produce a net amount of
work.

• No heat engine can have a thermal efficiency of 100%

Heat Engine that violet the Kelvin-Planck statement
Thermal energy reservoir

QH = 100 kW

W net, out = 100%

Heat engine

QL = 0

A heat engine that violet the Kelvin-Plank statement of the second law
 Some Steady-Flow Engineering Devices

V1 V2
V1 V2 DIFFUSER
NOZZLE
SUBSONIC FLOWS
SUPERSONIC FLOWS

COMPRESSOR
TURBINE

THROTTLE VALVE
 Examples of Isentropic Devices

• PUMPS
• TURBINE
• NOZZLE
• DIFFUSERS

These are some of the engineering systems or devices which are

adiabatic in their operation

Isentropic processes can serve as an appropriate model for actual

processes
Adiabatic Turbine Efficiency
Adiabatic Compressor Efficiency
Adiabatic Efficiency Nozzle
 Problem
• In a steam power plant working on a Rankine cycle, steam is supplied to the turbine at 70 bar, 500 oC
and the condenser pressure of 0.05 bar. The turbine isentropic efficiency is 90% and the feed pump
isentropic efficiency is 80%. Calculate for a net power output of 150 MW
a) the steam mass flow rate
b) The necessary heat transfer to the steam
c) The thermal efficiency
d) The specific steam consumption
• A gas turbine is supplied with gas at the rate of 5kg/s, at a pressure of 0.5 MPa and a temperature of
1000 K. The exit pressure id 100 KPa and the exit temperature is 720 K. calculate the isentropic
efficiency of the turbine and the power output. Assume for the gas
–

• A gas turbine operates with a pressure ratio of 10:1. The inlet pressure and temperature are 1.1 and 1250
K respectively, and the isentropic efficiency is 80%. Calculate for a mass flow rate of 10 kg/s
– The temperature of the gas leaving the turbine
– The power output
– The rate of increase of entropy
Use the gas properties given in question 2

• A rotary air compressor is used to compress air from a pressure of 100 kPa, to a pressure of 800 kPa.
The air inlet temperature is 27oC and the power input for a mass flow rate of 2.0 kg/s is 610 kW.
Calculate
– The exit temperature of the air
– The isentropic efficiency of the compressor