Electronic Circuit

Analysis and Design

“Operational Amplifier”
“Summing Amplifier”
(adder)
Summing Inverting Op-Amp Configuration

If Rf KCL;

I1 + I 2 + I 3 = I f
I1 R1 Iin V1-Vx + V2-Vx + V3-Vx = Vx-Vo
V1 R1 R2 R3 Rf
Vx=0
I2 R2
V2 V1-Vx + V2-Vx + V3-Vx = Vx-Vo
I3 R3 R1 R2 R3 Rf
V3
V1 + V2 + V3 = - Vo
R1 R2 R3 Rf

Vo = - V1Rf + V2Rf + V3Rf

R1 R2 R3
Summing Inverting Op-Amp Application

If Rf Assume: Resistance is same

R1 = R2 = R3 = Rf
I1 R1 Iin
V1 Vo = - V1Rf + V2Rf + V3Rf
Vx=0 R1 R2 R3
I2 R2
V2
I3 Vo = - [ V1 + V2 + V3 ]
R3
V3

Op Amp is an Adder.
We can add up multiple voltages
Summing Inverting Op-Amp Application

Rf Assume:

R1 = R2 = R3
R1
Rf = Rf = Rf
V1
R1 R2 R3
R2
V2 Vo = - [ aV1 + bV2 + cV3 ]
R3 Op Amp is used for Scaling. Where a,
V3
b and c are ratio’s with respect to Rf.
Assume:
R1 = R2 = R3  R
Rf = R1 + R2 + R3 = R_
3 3

Vo = - Rf V1 + V2 + V3 Vo = - V1 + V2 + V3 Op Amp is used for

 Vo = - 1 V1 + V2 + V3 
R 3 Averaging.
3
“Differential Amplifier”
(subtractor)
Differential Amplifier
Combination of Inverting and Non-inverting Op amp
R2

R1
V1

V2
V2 = 0 V01 = – R2 * V1
R1

1. Consider 1 voltage at time

Differential Amplifier

R2

R1
V1
V1 = 0
V2
V02 = (1 + R2/R1 ) * V2
Differential Amplifier
If we consider it acting simultaneously
R2 Vout = V01 + V02

= – R2 * V1 + (1 + R2/R1 ) * V2
R1 R1
V1 Note that the gain is different

Supposed you want to use this

V2
Vout = k (V2 – V1) configuration; we need to ensure the
gain applied to both input is equal.
Gain factor (k)
Let’s say the gain is equal to
R2
R1
Differential Amplifier
How can we achieve this equal gain…
R2 Vout = V01 + V02

= – R2 * V1 + (1 + R2/R1 ) * V2
R1 R1
V1 R1 + R2
R1
V2
Vout = k (V2 – V1)
R1 + R2 = R2
R1 R1

If we need to equate this, we need to

Instead of applying voltage at V2 directly, we can apply this multiply this by a factor
term as a voltage divider circuit
R2 x R1 + R2 = R2
R1 + R2 R1 R1
Differential Amplifier
Considering V+ ;
R2
V+ = R2 x V2
R1
R1 + R2
V1
R1 = 1 + R2 V+
V+
V2 R1

= 1 + R2 x R2 x V2
R2
R1 R 1 + R2

= R2 x V 2
R1
Differential Amplifier
Using the two inputs simultaneously:
R2 Vout = V01 + V02

Vout = - R2 V1 + R2 V2
R1 R1 R1
V1
= R2 (V2 - V1)
R1
V+ R1
V2

R2 With this configuration, we can use this

amplifier as a differential amplifier
Sample Application of a Differential Amplifier
Temperature Sensor
V

RTD

- When there is no change in the temperature, the input at V1 and V2 is the same.
- When a change is detected within the temperature sensor RTD, there will be a difference in
the input V1 and V2. This difference can
- The output signal can be used to trigger a circuit such as to control the temp of the room.
Sample Application of a Differential Amplifier
Important consideration

- The input impedance of this amplifier is very low.

- Input impedance will be equal to R1
Sample Application of a Differential Amplifier
Important consideration

V1

V2

- To mitigate the low input impedance, we can use a buffer circuit as discussed previously
Example Problem 1 - Differential Amplifier
Example Problem 2 - Differential Amplifier

5K

1k +12V
2v

1K
5v

-12V
4K
Example Problem 3 - Differential Amplifier
1k

1k +15V
2v

1k
3v
1k
4v -15V

1k 1k
5v