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Database basics 2

The document outlines a seven-step process for developing database applications, including studying the problem, determining requirements, designing the database, creating the database and application, and testing the application. It emphasizes the importance of analyzing the company situation, defining problems and objectives, and understanding the scope and boundaries of the database design. Additionally, it covers the components of the Entity-Relationship model, including entities, attributes, and relationships, which are crucial for conceptualizing the database structure.

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Avani Joshi
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2 views

Database basics 2

The document outlines a seven-step process for developing database applications, including studying the problem, determining requirements, designing the database, creating the database and application, and testing the application. It emphasizes the importance of analyzing the company situation, defining problems and objectives, and understanding the scope and boundaries of the database design. Additionally, it covers the components of the Entity-Relationship model, including entities, attributes, and relationships, which are crucial for conceptualizing the database structure.

Uploaded by

Avani Joshi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Developing Database Applications Seven Steps for Database

development
2.1 Study the Problem
2.2 Determine the Requirement
2.3 Design the Database
2.3.1 E.R Modeling
2.3.2 Data Dictionary
2.3.3 Normalization
2.4 Create the Database
2.5 Design the application
2.6 Create the Application
2.7 Test the application
🠶 1. The Database Initial Study:
🠶 In the Database initial study, the designer must examine the current
system’s operation within the company and determine how and why the
current system fails. The overall purpose of the database initial study is
to:

🠶 • Analyze the company situation.

🠶 • Define problems and constraints.

🠶 • Define objectives.

🠶 • Define scope and boundaries.


a. Analyze the Company Situation:
The company situation describes the general conditions in which a company
operates, its organizational structure, and its mission. To analyze the company
situation, the database designer must discover what the company’s operational
components are, how they function, and how they interact.
b. Define Problems and Constraints:
The designer has both formal and informal sources of information. The process
of defining problems might initially appear to be unstructured. Company end
users are often unable to describe precisely the larger scope of company
operations or to identify the real problems encountered during company
operations.
c. Define Objectives:
A proposed database system must be designed to help solve at least the major
problems identified during the problem discovery process. In any case, the
database designer must begin to address the following questions:

• What is the proposed system’s initial objective?

• Will the system interface with other existing or future systems in the company?

• Will the system share the data with other systems or users?
d. Define Scope and Boundaries:
🠶 The designer must recognize the existence of two sets of limits: scope
and boundaries. The system’s scope defines the extent of the design
according to operational requirements. Will the database design
encompass the entire organization, one or more departments within the
organization, or one or more functions of a single department? Knowing
the scope helps in defining the required data structures, the type and
number of entities, the physical size of the database, and so on.
🠶 The proposed system is also subject to limits known as boundaries,
which are external to the system. Boundaries are also imposed by
existing hardware and software.
🠶 Database Design:
🠶 The second phase focuses on the design of the database model that will
support company operations and objectives. This is arguably the most
critical DBLC phase: making sure that the final product meets user and
system requirements. As you examine the procedures required to
complete the design phase in the DBLC, remember these points:
🠶 • The process of database design is loosely related to the analysis and
design of a larger system. The data component is only one element of a
larger information system.

🠶 • The systems analysts or systems programmers are in charge of


designing the other system components. Their activities create the
procedures that will help transform the data within the database into
useful information.
ER-Diagram
ER model
ER model stands for an Entity-Relationship model. It is a high-level data
model. This model is used to define the data elements and relationship for
a specified system. It develops a conceptual design for the database. It also
develops a very simple and easy to design view of data.
For example, Suppose we design a school database. In this database, the
student will be an entity with attributes like address, name, id, age, etc.
Component of ER Diagram
🠶 Entity : An entity may be any object, class, person or place.
In the ER diagram, an entity can be represented as
rectangles.
🠶 Consider an organization as an example- manager, product,
employee, department etc. can be taken as an entity.

▪ Weak Entity & strong Entity:


An entity that depends on another entity called a weak
entity. The weak entity doesn't contain any key attribute
of its own. The weak entity is represented by a double
rectangle.
🠶 Attribute : The attribute is used to describe
the property of an entity. Eclipse is used to
represent an attribute.
🠶 For example, id, age, contact number,
name, etc. can be attributes of a student.
▪ Key Attribute : The key attribute is used to represent
the main characteristics of an entity. It represents a
primary key. The key attribute is represented by an
ellipse with the text underlined.
🠶 Composite Attribute : An attribute that composed of
many other attributes is known as a composite attribute.
The composite attribute is represented by an ellipse, and
those ellipses are connected with an ellipse.
🠶 Multivalued Attribute:
An attribute can have more than one value. These attributes
are known as a multivalued attribute. The double oval is
used to represent multivalued attribute.
For example. a student can have more than one phone
number.
🠶 Derived Attribute : An attribute that can be derived from
other attribute is known as a derived attribute. It can be
represented by a dashed ellipse.
🠶 For example. A person's age changes over time and can
be derived from another attribute like Date of birth.
🠶 Relationship : A relationship is used to describe the relation
between entities. Diamond or rhombus is used to represent the
relationship.
🠶 Types of relationship are as follows:
🠶 a. One-to-One Relationship : When only one instance
of an entity is associated with the relationship, then it is
known as one to one relationship.
🠶 For example, A female can marry to one male, and a
male can marry to one female.
🠶 One-to-many relationship : When only one instance of
the entity on the left, and more than one instance of an
entity on the right associates with the relationship then
this is known as a one-to-many relationship.
🠶 For example, Scientist can invent many inventions, but
the invention is done by the only specific scientist.
🠶 Many-to-one relationship : When more than one
instance of the entity on the left, and only one instance
of an entity on the right associates with the relationship
then it is known as a many-to-one relationship.
🠶 For example, Student enrolls for only one course, but a
course can have many students.
🠶 Many-to-many relationship:When more than one
instance of the entity on the left, and more than one
instance of an entity on the right associates with the
relationship then it is known as a many-to-many
relationship.
🠶 For example, Employee can assign by many projects
and project can have many employees.
🠶 3. Create the Database(s):

🠶 In most modern relational DBMSs a new database implementation


requires the creation of special storage-related constructs to house the
end-user tables. The constructs usually include the storage group (or file
groups), the table spaces, and the tables.
🠶 Test the Database:

🠶 During this step, the DBA tests the database to ensure that it maintains
the integrity and security of the data. Data integrity is enforced by the
DBMS through the proper use of primary and foreign key rules. In
database testing you must check Physical security allows, Password
security, Access rights, Data encryption etc.

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