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CHAPTER-I st Basic Electronics wrc

The document provides an overview of basic electronics engineering concepts, including circuit components, resistor and capacitor combinations, and Kirchhoff's laws. It explains independent and dependent sources, network theorems like Thevenin and Norton, and various types of filters used in electronics. The content emphasizes the importance of electronic systems in modern technology and applications across multiple fields.

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5 views40 pages

CHAPTER-I st Basic Electronics wrc

The document provides an overview of basic electronics engineering concepts, including circuit components, resistor and capacitor combinations, and Kirchhoff's laws. It explains independent and dependent sources, network theorems like Thevenin and Norton, and various types of filters used in electronics. The content emphasizes the importance of electronic systems in modern technology and applications across multiple fields.

Uploaded by

sushantgautam055
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Basic Electronics Engineering

Prepared by:
Er . Smita Adhikari
Basic Circuit concepts
 Introduction
Branch of physics, engineering and technology
Analog and Digital electronics
Life is almost incomplete without using electronic
systems
From vacuum tubes to microprocessors
Electromechanical system with embedded electronics
help in design and manufacturing
Medical devices, Robots, mechatronics etc.
Components
Depending upon energy being used
 Active Component and Passive Component
Resistor Color Code Calculation
Resistor Color Code Calculation
Combination of Resistors and Capacitors

•Series combination of resistors


Let I be the current in the circuit
• Parallel combination of resistors
Let, I1, I2, I3 be the current flowing through
resistor R1, R2, R3.
Using ohm’s law
• Series combination of Capacitors
In series combination, the charge across each
capacitor is same.
Now, Q = C1V1 + C2V2 +C3V3

Also, V=V1+V2 +V3


Q/Ceq = Q(1/C1+1/C2+1/C3)
∴ 1/ C eq = (1/C1+1/C2+1/C3)
• Parallel combination of capacitors
Kirchhoff’s Laws
• Kirchhoff’s current law
KCL, states that the “total current entering a junction or
node is exactly equal to the current leaving the node“. In
other words the algebraic sum of ALL the currents entering
and leaving a node must be equal to zero, I(exiting) + I(entering) = 0
• Kirchhoff’s voltage law
KVL states that “The algebraic sum of all
voltages in a loop must equal zero”.
Voltage source and Current source
Ideal voltage source
• Maintains constant terminal voltage
regardless of the value of current.
• Has zero internal resistance.

• Practical voltage source have some internal


resistance.
Idea current source: delivers constant current
regardless of the value of its terminal voltage.
Practical current source: cannot maintain
constant current .
Independent and Dependent Source

• Independent source: maintains a voltage(or


current) constant(or varying with time) which is
not affected by any other quantity.

• Batteries, DC generators, time-varying AC


voltage supplies etc.
Dependent Source: Voltage or current depends
upon the voltage or current in some other
branch of the circuit.
1. Voltage controlled voltage source(VCVS)
voltage across the input terminals controls
dependent voltage source at the output port.
Here, input current is =0.
If, output voltage is Vo then,
Vo= µV1, where µ is voltage gain.

OPamp .
2. Voltage controlled current source(VCCS):
With a voltage across the input, you can control
the amount of current output.
Here, input current is =0.
Output current depends on
input voltage.
Output current Io =gV1
g= Io/V1 , where g is
transconductance.
MOSFET with OP-amp
3.Current controlled current source(CCCS)
Output current depends on input current.
Here, input voltage is zero.
so, output current = βi
Where β, is constant= (IOUT/i) .
β is current gain.
4.Current controlled voltage source(CCVS)
Output voltage depends on input current.
Here, input voltage=0.
Where rho is transresistance.
Network Theorems
• Used to solve complex networks.
1. Super position theorem: Superposition theorem states
that in any linear, bilateral network having more than one
source, the response across any element is the sum of the
responses obtained from each source considered
separately and all other sources are replaced by their
internal resistance.
• To calculate the effect of each source it is activated,
while all other sources deactivated.
• During deactivation the voltage source is replaced by
short circuit or by its internal resistance if any and current
source is replaced by open circuit.
Thevenin Theorem
• Thevenin’s Theorem states that “Any linear
circuit containing several voltages and
resistances can be replaced by just one single
voltage in series with a single resistance
connected across the load“.
Here, IL=Vs/(RL+Rs)
Where Rs=Rth, thevenin resistanc e
Vs = Vth, thevenin voltage
• Open the load resistor.
• Calculate the open circuit voltage. This is the Thevenin
Voltage (VTH).
• Open current sources and short voltage sources.
• Calculate the Open Circuit Resistance.This is the
Thevenin Resistance (RTH).
• While calculating the resistance sources are made
inactive. current sources are replaced by open circuit and
voltage sources are short circuited or replaced by internal
resistance if any.
• Now, redraw the circuit with measured open circuit Voltage
(VTH) and measured open circuit resistance (RTH) , as a
series resistance and connect the load resistor which we
had removed. This is the equivalent Thevenin circuit.
• Now find the Total current flowing through load resistor by
using the Ohm’s Law: IL = VTH / (RTH + RL).
Norton Theorem
• Norton’s theorem states that , any two
terminal linear network that constitute
independent sources and linear resistances
can be replaced with an equivalent circuit ,
consisting of a current source with a parallel
resistor.
Here, IL = Is*(Rs /Rs+ RL)
Where Is=IN Norton current
and Rs = RN Norton equivalent
resistance
• 1. Remove the load resistor RL or component
concerned.
• 2. Find RS by shorting all voltage sources or by
open circuiting all the current sources.
• 3. Find IS by placing a shorting link on the
required terminal.
• 4. Find the current flowing through the load
resistor RL.
# Solve the above circuit using Norton’s
theorem.
Filter
• Electronic circuit which passes specific band of
frequencies while suppressing other band of
frequencies.
• Used in several electronics, instrumentation,
telecommunications applications etc.
1. Low pass filter : Allows low frequency signals
ranging from 0 Hz to the designed cut-off
frequency point and attenuates the higher
frequencies.
• RC low pass filter

Capacitive reactance Xc = 1/2πfc


At low frequency Xc is very high and acts
as open circuit so all low frequency
signal appears at output.
At high frequency Xc is very low tends to 0 so,
capacitor acts as short circuit.
2. High pass filter: allows those signals above the cut off
frequency and blocks all the lower ones.

3. Band pass filter: allows signals within the specified


band of frequencies to pass while blocking the higher
and lower frequencies outside this band
It passes frequency between fc1 and fc2 and rejects
others.
• Band stop filter : Blocks signals falling within a
certain frequency band set up between two
points while allowing both the lower and
higher frequencies either side of this
frequency band.

# Ideal filters response curves

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