Ch-3 Steady state single phase

AC Circuit Analysis part-2

 Phasor Representation of sinusoids and Arithmetic

 Series and parallel RLC circuit

 Impedance and Admittance

 Frequency response

 Resonance

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3.2 Phasor Representation of sinusoids and Arithmetic

 A phasor is a complex number that represents the amplitude and phase of a sinusoid.

 Sinusoids are easily expressed in terms of phasors, which are more convenient to work
with than sine and cosine functions.

 A complex number z can be written in rectangular form as

z = x +jy where j = √−1; x is the real part of z; y is the imaginary part of z.

 The complex number z can also be written in polar or exponential form as z = r <φ

where r is the magnitude of z, and φ is the phase of z.

 z can be represented in three ways:

z = x +jy Rectangular form

z = r <φ Polar form

z = r Exponential form
 The relationship between the rectangular form and the polar form is shown below.

 where the x axis represents the real part and

y axis represents the imaginary part of a complex number.

 Given x and y, we can get r and φ as

 The time domain to phasor domain transformation is expressed as follows

Arithmetic's of phasors
Example 3.11 Evaluate the following
complex number
3.3 Series and parallel RLC circuit

3.3.1 AC series circuit

 when working with ac circuit we no longer with only resistance but also with capacitive and
inductive reactance.

 Impedance(Z)-it’s a term used to collectively determine how the resistance, capacitance

and inductance imped the current in a circuit.

 The impedance Z of a circuit is the ratio of the phasor voltage V to the phasor current I,
measured in ohms(Ω).

 As a complex quantity, the impedance may be expressed in rectangular form as

Z = R+jX where R = Re(Z) is the resistance and X = Im (Z) is the reactance.

 Thus, impedance Z = R +jX is said to be inductive or lagging since current lags voltage.

 while impedance Z = R − jX is capacitive or leading because current leads voltage.

 Inductive Reactance XL of a coil depends on the frequency of the applied voltage as
reactance is directly proportional to frequency.

Example 3.12 A coil of inductance 150mH and zero resistance is connected across a 100V,
50Hz supply. Calculate the inductive reactance of the coil and the current flowing through it.

 Capacitive Reactance Xc is the complex impedance of a capacitor who’s value changes

with respect to the applied frequency.

Example 3.13 Calculate the capacitive reactance value of a 220nF capacitor at a frequency of
1kHz and again at a frequency of 20kHz.
Impedance Diagram

 For any network, the resistance will always appear on the positive real axis, the inductive
reactance on the positive imaginary axis, and the capacitive reactance on the negative
imaginary axis.

 The result is an impedance diagram that can reflect the individual and total impedance
levels of an ac network.
 The overall properties of series ac circuits (Fig. below) are the same as those for dc
circuits.
Example 3.14 Determine the input impedance to the series network of Fig below. Draw
the impedance diagram.

Example 3.15 Find v(t) and I(t) in the circuit shown below?
3.3.2 AC parallel circuit

 The admittance Y is the reciprocal of impedance, measured in Siemens(S).

 The admittances of resistors, inductors, and capacitors can be obtained from Eq. (9.39). They are
also summarized in Table 9.3.

 As a complex quantity, we may write Y as Y = G+jB

where G =Re(Y) is called the conductance

and B =Im(Y) is called the susceptance.

 The total admittance of a circuit can also be found by finding the sum of the parallel admittances.
 For parallel ac circuits, the admittance diagram is used with the three admittances,
represented as shown in Fig below.

Admittance diagram

EXAMPLE 3.16 For the network of Fig. below:

a. Find the admittance of each parallel branch.

b. Determine the input admittance.

c. Calculate the input impedance.

d. Draw the admittance diagram

 3.4 Frequency response

 The frequency response of a circuit is the variation in its behavior with change in signal
frequency.

 The transfer function H(ω)of a circuit is the frequency-dependent ratio of a phasor output(ω)(an
element voltage or current)to a phasor input X(ω)(source voltage or current).

 Since the input and output can be either voltage or current at any place the circuit, the four
possible transfer functions:
 H(ω) has a magnitude H(ω) and a phase φ; that is, H(ω) = H(ω) <φ.

 The transfer function H(ω) can be expressed in terms of its numerator polynomial N(ω) and
denominator polynomial D(ω) as

 A zero, as aroot of the numerator polynomial, is value that results in a zero value of the
function.

 A pole, as a root of the denominator polynomial, is a value for which the function is infinite.

EXAMPLE 3.15 For the circuit in Fig. below, calculate the gain Io(ω)/Ii(ω) and its poles and zeros.
 3.5 Resonance

 Resonance is a condition in an RLC circuit in which the capacitive and inductive reactance are equal in
magnitude, there by resulting in a purely resistive impedance.

Resonance curve

 When the response is at or near the maximum, the

circuit is said to be in a state of resonance.

 The maximum for the frequency fr, decreasing to the

right and left of this frequency.

 In other words, for a particular range of frequencies the response will be near or equal to the
maximum.

 The frequencies to the far left or right have very low voltage or current levels and, for all practical
purposes, have little effect on the system’s response.
Note that at resonance:

 The impedance is purely resistive, thus, Z = R. In other words, the LC series combination acts like a
short circuit, and the entire voltage is across R.

 The voltage Vs and the current I are in phase, so that the power factor is unity.

 The magnitude of the transfer function H(ω) = Z(ω) is minimum.

 The inductor voltage and capacitor voltage can be much more than the source voltage

 Resonant circuits are commonly used to pass or reject selected frequency ranges.

 This is done by adjusting the value of one of the elements and hence “tuning” the circuit to a
particular resonant frequency.

 For example, in radios, the receiver is tuned to the desired station by adjusting the resonant frequency

of its circuitry to match the frequency of the station.

 Cell phones work in a similar fashion, communicating with signals of around 1 GHz that are tuned by an

Inductor.
 3.5.1 SERIES RESONANT CIRCUIT

 A simple series resonance circuit is constructed by combining an ac source with inductor,

a capacitors and r resistors.

 R = Rs(source resistance) +Rl(internal resistance of inductor)+ Rd(added resistance)

 The total impedance of this network at any frequency is determined by

 The resonant conditions described in the introduction will occur when

 Removing the reactive component from the total impedance equation.

 The total impedance at resonance is then simply representing the minimum value of ZT at
any frequency. The subscript s will be employed to indicate series resonant conditions.
 The resonant frequency can be determined in terms of the inductance and
capacitance by examining the defining equation for resonance

 The current through the circuit at resonance is

 Since the current is the same through the capacitor

and inductor, the voltage across each is equal in magnitude

but 180° out of phase at resonance:

 The quality factor Q of a series resonant circuit is defined as the ratio of the reactive power
of either the inductor or the capacitor to the average power of the resistor at resonance; that
is,

Example 3.16 Find the indicated quantiles for the circuit of shown below
For the series resonant circuit of Fig. below, a). find I, VR, VL, and VC at resonance.
b. What is the Qs of the circuit?
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