Computer Networking Part 2 and Internet Safe Suring
CS 1 Rick Graziani Cabrillo College Spring 2006
Review
Network LANs IP Configuration Internet TCP/IP DSL/Cable Modem with a Router
What is a network?
A computer network is a series of computers and other devices
interconnected by communication paths. Computer networks include: LANs and WANs
http://www.albany.edu
LAN Local Area Network
A LAN:
Operates within a limited geographical area Controlled by local administration Allows local users to: Share printers Access local file servers with software and data Access the Internet
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Creating an Ethernet Network
To start, your computer must have an Ethernet Network Interface Card (NIC). Ethernet NICs have an RJ-45 interface or port. Hubs and Switches are used to connect computers, printers and other devices in the Ethernet LAN. Ethernet cables, i.e. Cat-5 or Cat-6 cables (Category 5, Category 6) are used to connect computers to the hubs and switches. Cat-5 cable connects computer NIC to hub or switch.
IP Configuration
To communicate with other computers
on your network you need to properly configure: IP Address (of your computer) Subnet Mask (of your computer) To communicate with computers outside your network you need to properly configure: Default Gateway IP Address To be able to use domain names, like www.cabrillo.edu, instead of IP addresses you need to properly configure: DNS (Domain Name System) Server IP Address
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IP Configuration: Default Gateway
Any information that needs to be sent to IP Addresses outside your
network is sent to the Default Gateway or Router.
192.168.1.10
To the Internet
192.168.1.1
IP Configuration: DNS
Hey, 207.62.87.54, what is the IP Address for www.yahoo.com?
It is 66.94.230.47
Hey, 66.94.230.47, please send me your web page.
Yahoo Web Server
Here, 192.168.1.10, here is my web page.
Setting the IP Configuration Information
IP information can be configured: Statically Dynamically Using a DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) Server
IP Configuration: Dynamic Configuration
Im booting up, if there is a DHCP Server out there, I need my IP Configuration Information!
DHCP Server
Here is your IP Address, Subnet Mask, IP Address for the Default Gateway (router), and IP Address for the DNS Server!
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What is the Internet?
The Internet was originally designed by DARPA (Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency) in response to the U.S.S.R. launching Sputnik, the first satellite. Out of this came the Internet, a way for computers to communicate from different parts of the world. These computers can be any type of computer using any type of operating system, as long as they are using the protocol TCP/IP.
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What is TCP/IP? What is a protocol?
The actual letter (data) is inside (encapsulated) the envelope.
A protocol is nothing more than an agreement or rules to
govern a way of communicating. The sender and receiver, and everyone in between, must agree on the rules, the protocol.
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What is TCP/IP? What is a protocol?
Protocol: An agreed form of communications.
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Source IP Address: 192.168.1.10
Inside envelope: Request for web page 66.94.230.47
192.168.1.10
Destination IP Address: 66.94.230.47
Yahoo Web Server
Source IP Address: 66.94.230.47 Destination IP Address: 192.168.1.10
Rick Graziani
[email protected]Inside envelope: Web page
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DSL or Cable Modem: No Router
Routers can help protect your DSL or Cable Modem Network. 204.180.205.1 Public Address
Hacker can only get to public address and not private address
DSL or Cable Modem
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DSL or Cable Modem: With a Router
When using NAT (Network Address Translation, the Router helps hide your network from attackers. 204.180.205.1 Public Address
192.168.1.10 Private Address
Internet Hackers can only get to public addresses and not private addresses
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Bandwidth
Bandwidth - The amount of information that can flow through a
network connection in a given period of time. Usually measured in bits per second (bps) bps: bits per second Kbps: thousands of bits per second Mbps: millions of bits per second
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Networking Part 2
Circuit Switching versus Packet Switching Wireless Careers in Information Technology
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WAN Link Options
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Circuit Switched
Circuit Switching: A form of data communication which establishes a
single connection or circuit between source and destination to carry the data stream. Like a conventional telephone system. When a subscriber makes a telephone call the dialed number is used to set switches in the exchanges along the route of the call so that there is a continuous circuit from the originating caller to that of the called party.
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Packet Switching
Packet Switching: A form of data communications which breaks
a data stream into small sections, sends them separately by the best available channels and reassembles the original data stream at its destination. An alternative is to allocate the capacity to the traffic only when it is needed, and share the available capacity between many users.
Frame Relay, X.25, ATM
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Wireless Access Point
A wireless access point is a device that connects wireless devices (laptops, etc.) to a wired network, usually an Ethernet LAN.
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Wireless Access Point
In our example the wireless access point (AP) will include a Router.
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Putting it together
Exactly the same as connecting a router without an AP.
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Configuring the AP and Router
Wireless Settings: SSID (Service Set Identifier) Name of your network Security: WPA, WEP, or none
Router settings include: IP Address, Subnet Mask, Default Gateway, and DNS Server information
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SSID
The SSID is what will be displayed when people with wireless computers are looking for a wireless LAN.
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Linksys WRT54G
Router Information IP Address from ISP Connects to your DSL/Cable Modem NAT (Network Address Translation) Local Network Switch or Hub Connect wired computers DHCP Server (optional) Wireless SSID: MyHomeNetwork DHCP Server: (optional) Channel: 11
MAC address for APs IP address
Encryption Function: WPA
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You choose
There are many resources to discuss the possible health risks or wireless LANs. As a networking and WLAN user and instructor I have my own thoughts which I will share. If you are concerned, then research the information and come to your own conclusions. The following information is from my own research and experience.
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Wireless Frequency
Wireless APs operate at:
2.4 GHz 5 GHz 2 GHZ! Thats the same as my microwave oven, isnt that dangerous? Answer: No. Electromagnetic waves happen naturally. Light is an electromagnetic wave It is not the frequency, but the wattage, the power. Any electromagnetic wave can be dangerous with too much power. A 25 watt light bulb is safe, but it wouldnt be safe at 250,000 watts Wireless access points generate signals at 1/10th of a watt. Like all electromagnetic waves, the signal does not fade in a linear manner, but inversely as the square of the distance.
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www.britishlibrary.net
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Inverse square law
10 20 30 40 50 100
Point A
3 times the distance 1/9 the power of Point A
10 times the distance 1/100 the power of A 5 times the distance 1/25 the power of Point A
2 times the distance the power of Point A
Double the distance of the wireless link, we receive only of the
original power. Triple the distance of the wireless link, we receive only 1/9 the original power. Move 5 times the distance, signal decreases by 1/25.
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Putting it in some perspective
Measurements from an antenna transmitting 100mW at 1 inch Remember a milliwatt is 1/1,000th of a Watt Microwave oven typically operates at 1,000 watts in a confined space.
1 100 mW 1/10th watt 2 25 mW 1/40th watt 4 6.25 mW 1/166th watt 8 1.56 mW 1/1000th watt 16 0.39 mW 4/10,000th watt 32 0.097 mW 1/10,000th watt 64 (5.3 ft) 0.024 mW 2/100,000th watt 128 (10.6 ft) 0.006 mW 6/1,000,000th watt 256 (21.3 ft) 0.0015 mW 15/10,000,000th watt Light bulbs would also be dangerous the were 10,000 to 1,000,000,000,000 stronger. A 250,000 watt up to a 250,000,000,000,000 watt light bulb would also be dangerous.
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Wireless Security Everyone can hear
Others can hear or capture your information. Wireless signals are propagated, sent, similar to our voice sound waves.
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Wireless Security Everyone can hear
If we dont want them to understand what they hear, we can encrypt or
code the information. As long a our wireless computer and access point are using the same encryption algorithm, such as WEP or WPA.
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Wireless Security - WPA
WPA (WiFi Protected Access) is currently the best option. The password is configured on both the wireless access point and the
computer.
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Wireless Security
Without any security, anyone can: Use your wireless access point to access your network and the Internet. Capture your information from your wireless computer.
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Wireless Security
CommView DriftNet
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Wireless Security
Your web browsing or email access should already be secured. Look for the lock
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Careers in Information Technology
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Computer Support Specialist
Installing computer hardware and software. Troubleshooting Maintenance and upgrades
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Networking: System Administrator
Installing, configuring, and maintaining network servers UNIX, LINUX, Microsoft Web, DNS, DHCP, Mail Servers Backup and recovery, user administration Security
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Networking: Network Technician/Analyst
Install, manage, troubleshoot network infrastructure:
Routers, Switches, Cables, Wireless Access Points Issues: Security, Quality of Service, Video On Demand, Voice over IP
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Keeping up on technology
Wireless Security
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Internet: Safe Surfing
Safe Surfing
Adware
Pop-ups Spyware Blocking Pop-ups Java Traps or Pop-Up Hell Spyware Blocking Spyware Cookies Virus Protection Spam Blocking Spam
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Adware
Adware or advertising-supported software is any software application
in which advertisements are displayed while the program is running. Displays the ads in pop-up windows or through a bar that appears on a computer screen. Adware helps recover programming development costs, and helps to hold down the price of the application for the user (even making it free of charge)and, of course, it can give programmers a profit, which helps to motivate them to write, maintain, and upgrade valuable software.
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What are Pop-ups? (Wikipedia.org)
Pop-up ads are a form of online advertising on the Web where certain
websites open a new web browser window to display advertisements. Usually generated by JavaScript A less intrusive variation on the pop-up window is the pop-under advertisement. This opens a new browser window, but in the background, so as not to interrupt the user's page-view.
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From Gain Publishing: www.gainpublishing.com/ about/
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What are Pop-ups? (Wikipedia.org)
For early advertising-supported websites, banner ads were sufficient
revenue generators. But in the wake of the dot com crash, prices paid for banner advertising clickthroughs decreased and many vendors began to investigate more effective advertising methods. Pop-up ads by their nature are difficult to ignore or overlook, and are claimed to be more effective than static banner ads. Pop-ups have a much higher click rate than web banner ads do.
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What are Pop-ups? (Wikipedia.org)
Ultimate irony!
Most users regard pop-ups as a nuisance. In the early 2000s, all major web browsers except Internet Explorer
allowed the user to block pop-ups almost completely. In 2004, Microsoft released Windows XP SP2, which added pop-up blocking to Internet Explorer. Some users install non-Microsoft ad-blocking software instead. Advertisers continually seek ways to circumvent such restrictions. Many of the latest pop-ups are created using Flash and have extensive animation and trickery.
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From Microsoft
With Windows XP Service Pack 2 (SP2) Internet Explorer allows you
to prevent most pop-up windows from appearing over pages you want to view while you're using the Internet. When you install SP2, Pop-up Blocker is turned on in Internet Explorer and set to the medium setting, which means it will block most automatic pop-ups.
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Block Pop-up Windows with Internet Explorer
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C/NET Pop-ups mean more $$$
Publishers willingly allow pop-ups or pop-unders because they
command higher prices, and they're in high demand by advertisers. Ad executives say they can cost advertisers about $10 per thousand sent for top-rated sites. That compares with between $2 and $3 per thousand for a static banner ad that appears on the same popular site. The Web sites that sold or disseminated the most pop-up ads in the month of April 2005 include CNN.com, ESPN.com, Excite.com, Weather.com, and The New York Times.
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Java Trap or Pop-up Hell
Pornographic websites are among the most common users of pop-up
ads. Some particularly vicious types of pop-up ads have been specifically designed to "hijack" a user's Internet session. As each window is closed by the user it activates another window -sometimes indefinitely. Usually the only way to stop this is to close the browser. Mouse Trapping: Another variation of pop-up fills an entire screen with an ad or Web page, removing any menu bars or other on-screen icons by which the user can close the window.
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What are Pop-ups? (Wikipedia.org)
Pop-up ads can also be spawned as a separate process (that is to say,
apart from the browser) on the user's local computer. This is typically because of a spyware infestation, or because the user has voluntarily (or involuntarily) installed adware.
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Spyware (Wikipedia.org)
Spyware is computer software that gathers and reports information
about a computer user without the user's knowledge or consent. May perform many different functions, including: the delivery of unrequested advertising (pop-up ads in particular), harvesting private information re-routing page requests to illegally claim commercial site referal fees Spyware as a category overlaps with adware Spyware or Malware in a broader sense can include: adware, remote access trojans (RATs), keystroke loggers, denial-of-service (DoS) attack agents, probe tools, and other backdoor network threats (including most popular remote access tools).
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Fighting Spyware
Spybot (www.safer-networking.org) PestPatrol (www.pestpatrol.com)
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Cookies
A cookie is information sent by a
server to a browser and then sent back to the server each time it accesses that server. They were invented by Lou Montulli, a former employee of Netscape Communications. Amongst other uses, cookies enable websites to be customized for individual users once browsing patterns have been established. Cookies can however cause potential security problems as information such as credit card details might be collected via a cookie. Cookies can however, only store information that you provide.
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Cookies - Purpose
Typically this is used to authenticate or identify a registered user of a
web site as part of their first login process or initial site registration without requiring them to sign in again every time they access that site. Other uses are maintaining a "shopping basket" of goods selected for purchase during a session at a site, site personalization (presenting different pages to different users), and tracking a particular user's access to a site.
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Cookies - Permissions
A browser may or may not allow the use of cookies. The user can usually choose a setting. Microsoft Internet Explorer
Tools > Internet Options > Privacy Tab Use slider to set options, or use advanced options
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Virus Protection
In computer security technology, a virus is a selfreplicating program that spreads by inserting copies of itself into other executable code or documents
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Spam (Wikipedia)
Spamming is the act of sending unsolicited electronic messages in
bulk. The most common form of spam is that delivered in e-mail as a form of commercial advertising. Spamming has been considered by various commercial, government, and independent entities to be one of the foremost social problems facing electronic media today. Many attempts have been made to curb this problem including e-mail filtering, contractual measures such as Internet Service Providers' acceptable-use policies, laws such as the Can Spam Act of 2003 and market pressures such as boycotts of those who use or support spam.
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CAN-SPAM Act of 2003 (Wikipedia)
The CAN-SPAM Act of 2003, signed into law by President Bush on
December 16, 2003, establishes the first national standards for the sending of commercial e-mail and requires the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) to enforce its provisions. The bill's full name is an acronym: Controlling the Assault of NonSolicited Pornography and Marketing Act of 2003. It also requires the FTC to promulgate rules to shield consumers from unwanted mobile service commercial messages. The bill permits e-mail marketers to send unsolicited commercial e-mail as long as it contains all of the following: an opt-out mechanism; a functioning return e-mail address; a valid subject line indicating it is an advertisement; and the legitimate physical address of the mailer. The legislation also prohibits the sale or other transfer of an e-mail address obtained through an opt-out request. It criminalizes the use of automated means to register for multiple e-mail accounts from which to send spam. It prohibits sending sexually-oriented spam Rick Graziani
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Anti-Spam
Spammers obtain e-mail addresses by a number of means:
Web pages guessing common names at known domains "e-pending" searching for e-mail addresses corresponding to specific persons Many e-mail spammers go to great lengths to conceal the origin of their messages. Spoofing e-mail addresses - spammer modifies the e-mail message so it looks like it is coming from another e-mail address. Among the tricks used by spammers to try to circumvent the filters is to intentionally misspell common spam filter trigger words, ie. "viagra" might become "vaigra", or by inserting other symbols within the word, i.e. "v/i/a/g./r/a".
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Spam
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Internet: Safe Surfing
CS 1 Rick Graziani Spring 2006
