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Module 3 Four Basic Concepts

The document explains the concepts of subsets, proper subsets, ordered pairs, Cartesian products, relations, and functions in set theory. It provides definitions, examples, and notation for each concept, illustrating how elements relate to each other within sets. Additionally, it discusses the domain and range of relations and the criteria for a relation to be classified as a function.

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3 views25 pages

Module 3 Four Basic Concepts

The document explains the concepts of subsets, proper subsets, ordered pairs, Cartesian products, relations, and functions in set theory. It provides definitions, examples, and notation for each concept, illustrating how elements relate to each other within sets. Additionally, it discusses the domain and range of relations and the criteria for a relation to be classified as a function.

Uploaded by

catsayisha
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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THE LANGUAGE OF SETS

Subsets are the


sets whose
elements are
SUBSET contained
within another
set.
Example

A={1,2,3,4,5} and
B={1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10}

A={1,2,3}

B={1,2,3}

Here, A is a subset of B.
Set A is a proper subset of set B
if and only if all elements in set
PROPER
A is an element of set B but
SUBSET there is at least one element in
B that is not contained in A.
A={1,3,5} C={1,3,5}

B={1,5} D={1,4}

Example B⊂A

C⊆A, but C is not a proper


subset of A. Since, C=A.

D⊄A
Answer the following:

Given X={1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10}
A={1,3,5,7,9}; B={2,4,6,8,10}; C={3,4,6,9}; D={1,4,6,8}
1.A ⊆ X
2.B ⊆ X
3.{3,6} ⊆ C
4.7 ∈ A
5.{1,3} ∈ A
States that

AXIOM OF the order of


the elements
EXTENSION in a set makes
no diff erence.
ORDERED PAIRS

If 'a' and 'b' are two elements.


In an ordered pair (a, b), a is
called the fi rst element, and b
is called the second element.
ORDERED PAIRS

The order of the elements has a Examples

certain importance in an ordered 1. (2, 5)

pairs. It means they may not be 2. (a, b)


equal all the time. The ordered pair 3. (0, -5)
(a ,b) and (c ,d) are equal if a=c
and b=d.
CARTESIAN PRODUCT

Given sets A and B, the cartesian product of A


and B, is the set of all ordered pairs (a ,b), where
a ∈ A, and b ∈ B.

In symbols,

A x B={(a ,b)|a ∈ A and b ∈ B}


EXAMPLE
THE LANGUAGE OF
RELATION AND FUNCTIONS
RELATION

Let A and B be sets. A relation


R from A to B is a subset of A x
B. Given an ordered pair (x, y)
in A x B, x is related to y by R,
written xRy if and only if (x, y)
is in R.
RELATION

The following notation will be used:

• When x is related to y by R:

xRy means that (x ,y) ∈ R.

• When x is not related to y by R:

xRy means that (x ,y) ∉ R.


RELATION
REPRESENTATIO
N
There are other ways too
to write the relation,
apart from set notation
such as through tables,
plotting it on XY- axis or
through mapping
diagram.
THE DOMAIN AND THE RANGE
OF THE RELATION

Let R be a relation from set A into set B. Then the domain of R


denoted by D(R) is the set

D(R)= {a | a ∈ A and there exist b ∈ B such that (a, b) ∈


R}

The range, or image of R , denoted by Im(R) is the set

Im(R)= {b | b ∈ B and there exist a ∈ A such that (a, b) ∈


R}
Example

1. Let A={2,5,7,18} and B={2,3,4,5,10} and defi ne a relation R


from A to B as follows: For all (x ,y) in A x B, xRy means that x
≤ y.

a. What is A x B?

A x B= {(2,2),(2,3),(2,4),(2,5),(2,10),(5,2),(5,3),(5,4),(5,5),(5,10),

(7,2),(7,3),(7,4),(7,5),(7,10),(18,2),(18,3),(18,4),(18,5),

(18,10)}
b. Write R as a set of ordered pairs.

R={(2,2),(2,3),(2,4),(2,5),(2,10),(5,5),(5,10),(7,10)}

(2,2) ∈ R since 2=2 (5,5) ∈ R since 5=5

(2,3) ∈ R since 2 < 3 (5,10) ∈ R since 5 < 10

(2,4) ∈ R since 2 < 4 (7,10) ∈ R since 7 < 10

(2,5) ∈ R since 2 < 5

(2,10) ∈ R since 2 < 10


c. What is the domain of R?

D(R)= {2,5,7}

d. What is the range of R?

Im(R)= {2,3,4,5,10} = B
FUNCTION

Let A and B be non-empty sets and f be a relation


from A into B. Then f is called a function from A
into B if

i. The domain of f is A, that is D(f)= A, and

ii. For all a ∈ A, b ∈ B, and c ∈ B if (a,b) ∈ f and


(a,c) ∈ f, then b=c.
Example
Determine if the relation is a
function or not.

Let A={a,b,c} and B={1,2,3}

R={(a,3),(b,1),(b,2),(c,3)}
Determine which of the relation f are
function from set A to the set B.

• A={-2,-1,0,1,2}, B={-3,4,5}, and

f={(-2,-3),(-1,-3),(0,4),(1,5),(2,-3)}

• A={-2,-1,0,1,2}, B={-3,4,5}, and

f={(-2,-3),(1,4),(2,5)}

• A=B={-3,-1,0,2} and

f={(-3,-1),(-3,0),(-1,2),(0,2),(2,-1)}

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