Engineering Mechanics I

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 Course Objective:

Up on successful completion of the course, students will be able to:

 Introduce the dot product in order to determine the angle between two
vectors
 Understand and be able to apply Newton’s laws of motion
 Distinguish between concurrent, coplanar and space force systems
 Compute the resultant of coplanar and space force systems
 Present methods for determining the resultants of non-concurrent force
systems.
 Indicate how to reduce a simple distributed loading to a resultant force
having a specified location.
 Course Objective:

Up on successful completion of the course, students will be able to:

 Draw free body diagrams, analyze reactions and pin forces induced
in coplanar and space systems using equilibrium equations and free
body diagrams
 Determine the centroid and center of mass of plane areas & volumes
 Determine friction forces and their influence up on equilibrium of
systems
 Apply sound analytical techniques and logical procedure in the
solution of engineering problems
 Competences to be acquired/course level competences

Student gets basic knowledge to:

Ability to define and apply the concepts of equilibrium;

Demonstrate familiarity with structural analysis of trusses, frames and beams and
application of mechanics to engineering problems.
Show how to determine the forces in the members of a truss using the method of
joints and the method of sections.
Analyze the forces acting on the members of frames and machines composed of
pin- connected members.
 Course Description

This course presents:

 Scalars and Vectors,

 Resultants of coplanar and none-coplanar force systems,

 Equitation of equilibrium for coplanar and none-coplanar force systems,

 Analysis of simple Structures,

 Centroid & center of gravity,

 Area moment of inertial and Friction.

 Course Outline

Chapter 2: Force Systems

Chapter 1: Scalars and Vectors
2.1 Force Systems Introduction
1.1 Introduction
2.2 Two-Dimensional Force Systems
1.2 Scalars and Vectors
2.2.1. Rectangular components of Forces
1.3 Operation with Vectors
2.2.2. Moment and Couple
1.3.1. Vector Addition or Composition 2.2.3. Resultants of general coplanar force systems
1.3.2. Vector Multiplication: Dot & Cross 2.3 Three-Dimensional Force Systems

2.3.1. Rectangular Components

2.3.2. Moment and Couple Resultants

 Course Outline

Chapter 3: Equilibrium Chapter 4: Analysis of simple Structures

3.1 Introduction 4.1 Introduction
3.2 Equilibrium in Two Dimensions 4.2 Analysis of Plane Trusses
3.2.1. System Isolation 4.2.1 Method of Joints
3.2.2. Equilibrium Conditions 4.2.2 Method of Sections
3.3 Equilibrium in Three Dimensions 4.3 Analysis of Frames and Simple Machines
3.3.1. System Isolation
3.3.2. Equilibrium Conditions
 Course Outline

Chapter 5: Centroids Chapter 6: Area Moments of Inertia

5.1. Introduction 6.1. Introduction
5.2. Center of gravity 6.2. Moment of inertia of plane areas and
5.3. Centroids of lines, Areas, and Volumes curves

5.4. Centroids of composite bodies 6.3. Moments of inertia of Composite areas

5.5. Determination of centroid by integrations 6.4. Products of Inertia and Rotation of Axes
 Course Outline

Chapter 7: Friction Pre-requisites: Phys 1011

7.1. Introduction Semester: Year II, Semester I
7.2. Types of Friction Status of Course: Compulsory

7.3. Characteristics of dry friction Mode of delivery: Lecture, tutorials,

assignments and project
7.4. Application of Friction in Machines

Mode of assessment: Quizzes (25%), assignments (10%), Team project (15%)

and Final Exam (50%)

Attendance Requirements: A student must attend minimum of 85% attendance

Textbook
“Engineering Mechanics STATICS”
R.C. Hibbeler, Engineering Mechanics

“Engineering Mechanics ‘’
Beer & Johnston Vector Mechanics for Engineers
Statics

“Engineering Mechanics, STATICS”

Meriam
 Literature/References

 Andrew Pytel, Jaan Kiusalaas, Engineering Mechanics: Statics (SI Edition),

3rd Edition, CEngage Learning, 2010
 Anthony M. Bedford, Wallace Fowler, Engineering Mechanics: Statics &
Dynamics, 5th Edition, Prentice Hall Inc.,2007
 Francesco Costanzo and Michael E. Plesha, Engineering mechanics: Statics;
1st Edition, McGraw-Hill Higher Education, 2010
 J. L. Meriam and L.G. Kraige., Engineering mechanics: Statics (SI version),
8th Edition, John Wiley & Sons Ltd., 2016
 R. C. Hibbeler, Engineering Mechanics: Statics, 14th Edition, Prentice Hall;
2016
 Course objective
 To understand and use the general idea of force
vectors and equilibrium of the particle and rigid
bodies.
To analysis the structure of external(support) and
internal force.
 To determine center of gravity, centroids and
moment of inertia
 Chapter One
Introduction
• Definitions, Basic concepts, Units & Fundamental principles
• Eng.g Mechanics is the application of mechanics to a
structure or mechanical design taking into account of
the effect of force.
• Mechanics is the physical science which deals with
(the state of rest or motion of rigid) bodies under the
action of forces.
• It is the physical science which studies the external
effects of forces on rigid bodies(objects).
 Categories of Mechanics
• Rigid bodies:-things that do not change their
shape.
• Deformable bodies:-things that do change
shape.
• Fluids:-compressible fluids(density changes)
and incompressible fluids(density is constant).
 Mechanics ?

Mechanics of rigid bodies

Statics:
Equilibrium of rigid bodies
(no accelerated motion)
Statics under action of Forces

-Equilibrium Dynamics
-Selected Topics Dynamics: Motion of rigid bodies
caused by unbalanced force
acting on them.

Kinematics Kinetics

-Particles -Particles
-Rigid Bodies - Rigid Bodies
 Dynamics

Kinematics:
Kinetics:
- deals with geometery of
motion of bodies w/o - deals with of motion of
reference to force causing bodies in relation to forces
motion. causing the motion.
Basic Concept: -

position,r
velocity,
acceleration

Space/length: Collection of points whose relative

positions can be described using “a coordinate system’’
or to locate a point P from a reference point [m].

Time : For relative occurrence of events

Mass : - resistance to change in velocity [Dynamics],

- quantities that influence mutual attraction

between bodies [Statics]
Basic Concept con…
Particle: Body of negligible dimensions(sizes)
Rigid body: Body with negligible deformations
Non-rigid body: Body which can deform

Before considering
whether the body can be
assumed rigid-body or not,

you need to estimate the

relevant force first.
In Statics, bodies are considered rigid
unless stated otherwise.
Basic Concept con…

Force: Vector quantity that describes an action of

one body on another [Statics]
or the action (pull or push) of one body on another.
• In dynamics, force is an action that tends to cause
acceleration of an object.

• The SI unit of force magnitude is the newton (N).

That is (1N = kg·m/s2 or kg·m · s – 2).
SCALARS AND VECTORS

Scalars: Associated with “Magnitude” alone

e.g.- mass, density, volume, time, energy, …

Vectors: Associated with “Magnitude” and “Direction”

e.g.- force, displacement, velocity, acceleration,
…

Magnitude: Vector :
 
| V | or V V or V
 : Direction
Vector’s Point of Application
Vectors: “Magnitude”, “Direction” “Point of Application”
 External

F effect
  The external
 F F consequence
Internal
Effect –
F ? of these two
stress
= forces will
be the same
if ….
- Rigid
Fixed Vector Free Vector Sliding Vector Body
E.g.) Force on rotating motion, couple E.g.) Force on
Principle of
rotation rigid-body Transmissibility
non- rigid body vector
F
Rigid Body

F
F
Rotational motion occurs at
point of action every point in the object. line of action
The Principle of Transmissibility

 
F F If we concerns only about the
? external resultant effects on rigid body.
=
The two force can be
We can slide the force along its line
considered equivalent if
of action.
…… (force can be considered as sliding vector)

“A force may be applied at any point on its given line of action

without altering the resultant effects external to the rigid body on
which it acts.”
Types of Vectors
Vectors representing physical quantities can be classified
• Fixed Vector
– Its action is associated with a unique point of application

– Described by magnitude, direction & pt of application

• Sliding Vector
– Has a unique line of action in space but not a unique point

of application
– Described by magnitude, direction & line of action

• Free Vector
– Its action is not confined or associated with a unique line in

space.
– Described by magnitude & direction
Representation of Vectors
• Graphically representation
- parallelogram
- Triangular rule(cosine and sin law)
• Algebraic(arithmetic) representation
Properties of vectors
- Equality of vectors
- The negative of vectors
-Null vectors
- Unit vector
 Unit vector

• Is any vector whose magnitude is unity,

let say vector A

Generally any two or more vectors can be aligned in

d/t manner. But they may be
-Collinear: having the same line of action
-Coplanar: lying in the same plane
-Concurrent: passing through a common point

-
Table summarizes these unit systems:
Conversion of units
• 1ft(foot) = 12 in(inches)
• 1 mile = 5280ft
• 1kp(kilo-pound) =1000lb
• 1ton = 2000lb
• 1ft = 0.3048m
• 1in = 0.0254m
Example of conversion factors
Quantities Unit measurement
Force lb = 4.48N
Mass slug = 14.59kg
length ft = 0.3048m
 Example of prefix
Exponential form prefix SI symbols
10E+9 giga G
10E+6 mega M
10E+3 kilo K
10E-3 milli m
10E-6 micro µ
10E-9 nano n
PRINCIPLES OF MECHANICS

Some Fundamental principles that governs the world of Mechanics:

1. The Parallelogram Law

2. The Principle of Transmissibility

3. Newton’s First Law

4. Newton’s Second Law
5. Newton’s Third Law

6. Newton’s Law of Gravitation

THE PARALLELOGRAM LAW

The two vectors V1 and V2 ,treated as free vectors, can be

replaced by their equivalent V, which is the diagonal of
the parallelogram formed by V1 and V2 as its two sides.
  
 V2 V 
V2 V
 V2

 V1 V1
V1 
V V1  V2 (generally V V1  V2 )

Note: If there are not free vectors, you can sum them if and only if they have
the same point of the application.
The Principle of Transmissibility

 
F F If we concerns only about the
? external resultant effects on rigid body.
=
The two force can be
We can slide the force along its line
considered equivalent if
of action.
…… (force can be considered as sliding vector)

“A force may be applied at any point on its given line of action

without altering the resultant effects external to the rigid body on
which it acts.”
Summation of Force
 concurrent forces 
F2 F1  F2

F1

non-concurrent
 if there are sliding vectors
F2
 
F2 F1  F2
 
F1 F1
NEWTON’S LAWS OF MOTION

The study of rigid body mechanics is formulated on

the basis of Newton’s laws of motion.
First Law:
An object at rest tends to stay at rest and an object in motion
tends to stay in motion with the same speed and in the same
direction, unless acted upon by an unbalanced force.


 F 0
NEWTON’S LAWS OF MOTION

Second Law:
The acceleration of a particle is proportional to the vector sum of
forces acting on it, and is in the direction of this vector sum. (If the
net (resultant) force on a particle is not zero, the particle will
accelerate proportional to the resultant force in the direction of the
resultant force).

 
F m a

 
F  ma
NEWTON’S LAWS OF MOTION
Third Law:
The mutual forces of action and reaction between two
particles are equal in magnitude, opposite in direction,
and collinear. Forces always occur in pairs – equal and
opposite action-reaction force pairs.

   
F F F F

Point: Isolate the body

Confusing? Concept of FBD (Free Body Diagram)

Newton’s Law of Gravitation

M GMm
F 2
r
F r
m
- M & m are particle masses
- G is the universal constant of gravitation,
= 6.673 x 10-11 m3/kg-s2
- r is the distance between the particles.

For Gravity on earth (at sea level)

m
  W=mg
W mg
where M
- m is the mass of the body
- g = GM/r2 = 9.81 m/s2 (32.2 ft/s2)
 Assignment one
The magnitude of the force vector
A =50N B = 40N and C = 30N
Find resultant of vector and its direction from x-axis .
(By using parallelogram law and composition method)
a) A+B
b) A+B+C (express in Cartesian form)
c) A-B, analytically
A C
60 30
B