Technolog

Group Tutor:
members: Assoc. Prof. Shukra Raj
Ashutosh Ray, Paudel
001 Department of Civil
Aayush Pageni, Engineering
002 2023-12- IOE, Tribhuvan University
Aayush Sapkota, 28
Outline of the Presentation
1. Definition

2. Impact of technology on environment & society

3. Benefits of technology due to new inventions

4. Conflict of technology, technology creates opportunity for society to

change

5. Appropriate technology

6. Intermediate technology, labor based and labor intensive technology

7. Shifts in employment due to technological advancement

2
1. Definition of Technology
• Technology is the application of scientific knowledge, tools, and
techniques to solve problems or achieve specific goals.

• Purpose: Improves human life, enhances efficiency, and addresses

challenges across various fields.

• Types:
• Tangible: Physical devices, machines, and equipment (e.g.,
smartphones, computers, vehicles).
• Intangible: Software, algorithms, systems, and processes (e.g.,
apps, AI, cloud computing).

3
1. Definition of Technology
• Fields of Application:
• Communication (e.g., internet, smartphones).
• Healthcare (e.g., medical devices, telemedicine).
• Transportation (e.g., electric vehicles, GPS).
• Manufacturing (e.g., robotics, 3D printing).
• Energy (e.g., renewable energy systems).

• Evolution: Continuously advances through innovation, research, and

development.

• Impact: Transforms societies, economies, and daily life by enabling

new capabilities and solutions. 4
Advantages
• Efficiency and Productivity: Automates tasks, reduces manual
effort, and speeds up processes.

• Improved Communication: Enables instant global communication

through the internet, smartphones, and social media.

• Access to Information: Provides easy access to vast amounts of

knowledge and resources (e.g., online libraries, search engines).

• Innovation and Creativity: Drives advancements in science,

medicine, art, and other fields.

5
Advantages
• Convenience: Simplifies daily life through tools like online shopping,
GPS, and smart home devices.

• Healthcare Improvements: Enhances medical diagnosis, treatment,

and patient care (e.g., telemedicine, robotic surgery).

• Economic Growth: Creates new industries, jobs, and opportunities

for businesses.

• Global Connectivity: Bridges cultural and geographical gaps,

fostering collaboration and understanding.

6
Disadvantages
• Dependency: Over-reliance on technology can reduce critical
thinking and problem-solving skills.

• Job Displacement: Automation and AI may replace human workers,

leading to unemployment.

• Privacy Concerns: Increased risk of data breaches, surveillance, and

misuse of personal information.

• Health Issues: Prolonged use of devices can cause physical problems

(e.g., eye strain, poor posture) and mental health issues (e.g.,
addiction, anxiety).

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Disadvantages
• Environmental Impact: Production and disposal of technology
contribute to pollution and resource depletion.

• Social Isolation: Overuse of technology can reduce face-to-face

interactions and harm relationships.

• Security Risks: Vulnerabilities to cyberattacks, hacking, and identity

theft.

• Digital Divide: Inequality in access to technology, creating gaps

between developed and developing regions.

• Ethical Concerns: Issues like AI bias, misinformation, and misuse of

technology for harmful purposes 8
Characteristics
• Innovation-Driven: Constantly evolves through new ideas, research,
and advancements.

• Problem-Solving: Designed to address specific challenges or

improve existing processes.

• Efficiency-Oriented: Aims to save time, resources, and effort by

optimizing tasks.

• Interdisciplinary: Combines knowledge from various fields like

science, engineering, and mathematics.

• Dynamic and Adaptive: Changes over time to meet new demands

and incorporate emerging trends. 9
Characteristics
• Scalability: Can be applied on small or large scales, from individual
use to global systems.

• Dependency-Creating: Often leads to reliance on tools and systems

for daily tasks.

• Accessibility: Can be designed to be user-friendly and accessible to a

wide range of users.

• Impactful: Influences society, culture, economy, and the environment

in significant ways.

• Tool-Based: Relies on physical devices (e.g., machines, gadgets) or

intangible systems (e.g., software, algorithms). 10
Categories of Technology
• Information Technology (IT)
• Focuses on storing, retrieving, transmitting, and manipulating data.
• Examples: Computers, software, networks, cloud computing,
cybersecurity.

• Communication Technology
• Enables the exchange of information over distances.
• Examples: Smartphones, internet, satellites, social media
platforms.

11
Categories of Technology
• Biotechnology
• Uses biological systems or living organisms to develop products
and solutions.
• Examples: Genetic engineering, vaccines, biofuels, CRISPR.

• Medical Technology
• Improves healthcare through tools, devices, and procedures.

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Purpose
1. Problem-Solving
• Provides solutions to complex challenges in areas like healthcare, environment,
and infrastructure.
• Examples: Medical devices for diagnosis, renewable energy to combat climate
change.

2. Enhancing Efficiency and Productivity

• Automates repetitive tasks, reduces manual effort, and speeds up processes.
• Examples: Manufacturing robots, project management software.

13
Purpose
3. Improving Communication
• Facilitates faster and more effective communication across distances.
• Examples: Smartphones, email, video conferencing tools.

4. Advancing Knowledge and Education

• Provides access to information and learning resources.
• Examples: Online courses, e-books, educational apps.

5. Enhancing Quality of Life

• Makes daily life more convenient, comfortable, and enjoyable

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Limitations
1. High Costs
• Developing, implementing, and maintaining technology can be expensive.
• Example: Advanced medical equipment or infrastructure upgrades.

2. Dependency
• Over-reliance on technology can reduce critical thinking, problem-solving skills,
and self-sufficiency.
• Example: Dependence on GPS for navigation

3.Privacy and Security Risks

• Increased vulnerability to data breaches, hacking, and misuse of personal
information.
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2. Impact of technology on environment and
society
Positive impact
Communication

Before : Communication was primarily face-to-face, through

handwritten letters, or via landline telephones. Messages could take
days or weeks to reach recipients, especially over long distances.

Now: The emergence of the internet, smartphones, and social media

platforms has enabled instant communication globally. Email, instant
messaging, and video calls have become commonplace, drastically
reducing the time required to convey information.
Communication

Source: United States Postal

Services
Education
• Before: Education was primarily conducted in physical classrooms,
with resources limited to textbooks and printed materials. Access to
information was constrained by the availability of physical libraries
and educational institutions.

• Now: The rise of digital technology has transformed education

through e-learning platforms, online courses, and digital libraries.
Students can now access a vast array of information and educational
resources from anywhere in the world
Education

Source: Dreamstime Source: University of Kent

Healthcare
• Before: Medical practices were largely manual, with limited
diagnostic tools and treatments. Patient records were maintained on
paper, making data retrieval and sharing cumbersome.

• Now: The integration of new technologies into healthcare systems

has revolutionized the industry by significantly enhancing the
capabilities of healthcare providers, improving patient outcomes, and
optimizing administrative operations. Innovations such as electronic
medical records (EMRs), telemedicine, and advanced diagnostic tools
have streamlined patient care and data management. AI is also being
used extensively for diagnosis.
Healthcare

Fig: Bloodletting (Wikipedia)

Source: The Economic Forum
Transportation
• Before: Walking, animals (horses, camels, oxen), and manually
powered boats were primary means of travel.

• Travel over long distances took days, weeks, or even months.

Weather and terrain significantly impacted travel times.

• Now: Automobiles, airplanes, high-speed trains, and electric vehicles

revolutionized travel.

• Improved road networks, GPS navigation, and ride-sharing apps

enhance convenience.
Transportation

Source : Europosters

Source : The Guardian

transportation

Source :Discover Magazine Source : Freepik

Transportation

IndiaTV News The Economic Times

Negative impact of technology on society

▪ Privacy Concerns: The collection and

misuse of personal data raise significant
privacy and security concerns.
▪ Job Displacement: Automation and AI can
lead to job losses in certain sectors,
creating economic inequality.
▪ Digital Divide: Not everyone has equal
access to technology, leading to
disparities in education, healthcare, and
economic opportunities.
▪ Mental Health: Excessive use of
technology, especially social media, can
negatively impact mental health, leading
Source : Medium to issues like anxiety and depression.
Negative impact of technology on society

• Increased cyber bullying and stalking

• Lack of face to face contact at workplace , society leading to isolation

• Due to more time spent on computers, people are losing exercising

habits and have become more obese and diseased.
Impact of technology on environment

Negative impact
• Waste: Large amounts of waste are generated from
industries, agriculture, hospitals , mines etc. that pollute
the land, air and water. E-Waste: As of the latest data,
the world generated approximately 62 million metric tons
of e-waste in 2022. This volume has nearly doubled since
2010, and it is projected to exceed 80 million metric tons
by 2030.("Electronic Waste Worldwide: E-waste
Generation, by Region 2010-2025." Statista, 2024.)
Despite the significant amount of e-waste generated, only
about 22.3% of it was documented as formally collected
and recycled in an environmentally sound manner.("The
Global E-waste Monitor 2024." International
Telecommunication Union, 2024.

Source : Minnesota Reformer

Impact of technology on environment

Negative impact
• Environmental Pollution : Air pollution is responsible for over 6.5 million
deaths annually, affecting millions of people worldwide. (National Institute of
Environmental Health Sciences, 2023).
• In 2021, mining activities led to the contamination of over 1,500 water bodies in
Southeast Asia due to the release of toxic waste. (World Bank) . Pulp and paper
mills are responsible for about 35% of industrial water pollution in developed
countries, discharging high volumes of chlorine-based compounds and organic
matter into rivers. (Environmental Protection Agency)
Impact of technology on environment

Negative impact
• Resource depletion:

1. Forest Resources (Deforestation)

2. Fossil Fuels (Coal, Oil, and Natural Gas)
3. Water Resources (Freshwater and Aquifers)
4. Mineral Resources (Metals and Rare Earth Elements)
5. Marine Resources (Fish and Coral Reefs)
6. Soil Resources (Fertile Land)
7. Wetlands and Freshwater Ecosystems
8. Non-Renewable Energy Resources (Uranium and Coal)
Impact of technology on environment

Negative impact
• Greenhouse gas emission and climate change acceleration:

Greenhouse gas emissions from human activities are rapidly accelerating climate
change by trapping heat in the atmosphere. This intensifies global warming, causing
more severe weather events, melting ice, and rising sea levels, threatening
ecosystems and human societies.
• Effect on other life on earth:
⮚ Habitat Loss: Human activities have led to the loss of 85% of the world's
wetlands and significant portions of other critical habitats, exacerbating species
declines.
⮚ According to the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List,
as of 2024, 905 species have been recorded as extinct since 1500 AD.
Approximately 1 million animal and plant species are currently threatened with
 Impact of technology on environment

Positive Impact

• Renewable Energy: Advances in technology have made

renewable energy sources like solar, wind, and hydro power
more efficient and cost-effective. This shift reduces reliance
on fossil fuels, decreasing greenhouse gas emissions and
mitigating climate change.

• Energy Efficiency: Innovations in energy-efficient appliances,

smart grids, and building designs help
reduce overall energy consumption.

• Waste Management: Technology has improved waste

management and recycling processes. Advanced sorting
systems, waste-to-energy technologies,
and biodegradable materials help reduce
landfill waste and promote a circular Source : Istock
economy.
Impact of technology on environment

Positive Impact

• Sustainable Agriculture: Precision farming and agricultural technology improve

crop yields while minimizing water usage, pesticide application, and soil
degradation. This leads to more sustainable and eco-friendly farming practices.

• Conservation Efforts: Technology aids in wildlife conservation and

environmental monitoring. Drones, satellite imagery, and IoT sensors help track
endangered species, monitor deforestation, and detect environmental changes in
real-time.

• Transportation: Electric vehicles (EVs) and public transportation innovations

reduce greenhouse gas emissions and air pollution. Additionally, advancements in
battery technology extend the range and efficiency of EVs.
Summary of impact of technology
Positive Impact on Society Negative Impact on Society
Better Communication Privacy concerns
Good and efficient education Job Displacement
Improved healthcare and quality of life Cyber bullying and stalking
Faster, safer, reliable means of transport Lack of face to face contact, isolation
Better quality goods/ services at low cost Negative effect on mental health

Positive Impact on Environment Negative Impact on Environment

Renewable Energy Resource Depletion
Sustainable Agriculture Environmental Pollution
Energy Efficiency Greenhouse effect and climate change acceleration
Innovative Conservation Efforts Effect on other life forms
Waste Management Waste generation
3. Technology and Inventions
• Technology and new inventions go hand in hand, shaping the
way we live, work, and interact. While technology refers to
the application of scientific knowledge for practical purposes,
new inventions drive technological progress by introducing
innovative solutions to everyday challenges.

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As a cultural reform to Nepal
• Technology has significantly transformed Nepal,
bringing modern conveniences while reshaping
traditional practices. From agriculture to
communication, education to business, Nepal is
experiencing a shift towards digitalization and
innovation. As:

A. Shift in Communication Practices:

Relying on letters, landline telephones, storytelling
to rise of mobile phones, social media (Facebook,
Viber,WhatsApp). Virtual meetings and online platforms
are now common for both social and business purposes.
36
B. Education and Learning Methods:
Evolution from Gurukul systems, religious scriptures, and oral
traditions to Digital learning platforms like Midas eClass, e-
Pustakalaya, and YouTube tutorials provide education anywhere
and in more effective way.

C. Transformation in Agriculture:
⮚ Smart agriculture apps like Krishi Guru offering weather
forecasts, market prices, and expert advice.
⮚ Drip irrigation, hybrid seeds, and mechanized farming.
⮚ Farmers now selling products online through digital platforms.
37
⮚ D. Digitalization of Business and Economy:
⮚ E-commerce platforms like Daraz, SastoDeal, and
HamroBazar have changed shopping habits.
⮚ Digital wallets like eSewa, Khalti, and IME Pay.

E. Impact on Cultural Practices and Traditions:

⮚ Festivals and cultural programs celebrated through physical
gatherings and local events.
⮚ Nepali folk music and dances, traditional crafts reaching
global audiences through YouTube, TikTok, and digital
38
platforms.
F. Transportation and Infrastructure:
Change of traditional walking, cycling, use of buses
as means to EVs, ride sharing apps like pathao, tootle with
improved traffic and road networks.

G. Advancements in Healthcare:
⮚ People relied on herbal medicine and Ayurvedic treatments.
⮚ Telemedicine services (Jeevan Bikas Telemedicine, Hamro
Doctor) providing healthcare access to remote locations.
⮚ AI-driven medical diagnosis and digital health records. 39
thus:
The advancement of technology
has led to significant changes
in Nepal's traditional
practices while also preserving
cultural identity. Nepal is
embracing modernization while
maintaining its heritage, proving
that technology can be a tool for
both progress and cultural
preservation.

40
 Conflict of Technology
⮚What is Conflict?
• Oxford dictionary defines conflicts as a serious disagreement or
argument within or between social entities .

• Social Entities are:

▪ Individual vs. individual,
▪ Individual vs. group,
▪ Group vs. group,
▪ Individual vs. himself,
▪ Man vs. nature,
▪ Technology vs. society, etc.
Source:
businesslouder.com
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 Conflict of Technology
⮚ What is Conflict of Technology?

• Conflict of technology refers

to disagreements or disputes
arising from the development,
use, or impact of new
technologies.

Source: Nadya_Art

42
 Conflict of Technology
Some conflicts created by technology:
1. Digital Divide:
• Unequal access to technology between different socioeconomic
groups, creating disparities in opportunities and information access.
• Example:
▪ Equipment for research in universities of Nepal vs. universities of Europe and America.
▪ Rural community lacking reliable internet access, preventing residents from accessing
essential online services like job applications, or online education.

2. Misinformation and Propaganda:

• The ease of spreading false information online through social
media, contributing to societal polarization and conflict .
43
 Conflict of Technology
2. Misinformation and Propaganda:
• Examples:
▪ Misinformation of mask not blocking corona virus, leading to conflict among people not
wearing mask, police and service provider.
▪ Pharmaceutical companies created corona virus and exaggerated the severity of the virus
to drive up demand for their products.

3. Privacy and Surveillance

• Collection and misuse of personal data by tech companies,
raising ethical issues regarding user privacy and surveillance .
• Examples:
▪ The use of facial recognition technology in China and how the low social credit bans
user from travel restrictions, job prospects and bank loans.
44
 Conflict of Technology

4. Job Automation:
• Technological advancements
replacing human jobs, leading
to unemployment and
economic instability in certain
sectors.
• Example:
▪ Yellow Vest Protests in France.
Source: Thomas Bresson

45
 Conflict of Technology
5. Weaponization of Technology:
• The use of technological
advancements to enhance or
enable military and strategic
capabilities in conflict, turning
technology into a tool for war and
violence.
• Examples:
▪ Drone attack in Ukraine and Russia War
▪ The region along Israel's northern border
using automatic turrets.
Source:
▪ Use of MOC (computational technique) apnews.com
in Russia during second world war.
46
Technology Creates Opportunity for Society
to Change
⮚Technology shapes society and society shapes
technology. –Robert Winthrop White

⮚ The symbiotic relationship between technology and

society allows for the continuous evolution of both.

⮚ Technology acts as a catalyst for social transformation.

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 Technology Creates Opportunity for
Society to Change
⮚Revolutionizing Communication and Connectivity
Global Connectivity:
Social media, video conferencing, and instant
messaging break down geographical barriers,
enabling real-time global communication.
Source:
Social Movements: turtletime.com

Technology empowers social and political

movements by enabling fast organization,
mobilization, and global outreach (e.g., the Arab
Spring, Black Lives Matter). Source: rawpixel.com
48
Technology Creates Opportunity for Society
to Change
⮚Advancements in Healthcare
• Telemedicine: Remote healthcare services
bring medical advice and consultation to
remote or underserved areas.
• Health Monitoring: Wearable tech (e.g.,
fitness trackers, smart watches) helps
individuals track health metrics, promoting
wellness.
• Medical Innovations: Technologies like
CRISPR, and robotic surgery are
revolutionizing medical treatments and saving Source: topflights.com
lives.
49
Technology Creates Opportunity for Society to Change

⮚Enhancing Sustainability and Environmental Impact

• Smart Cities: Urban planning technologies like IoT and AI optimize
resources such as energy, water, and transportation to improve
urban life.
• Green Technologies: Innovations in renewable energy (solar,
wind, etc.), electric vehicles, and waste management are reducing
environmental footprints and promoting sustainability.

• Climate Change Awareness: Technologies help track

environmental data and raise awareness about the impacts of climate
change, driving collective action.
50
Technology Creates Opportunity for Society to Change

⮚Economic Transformation
• Job Creation in Tech Sectors: The rise of digital economies
creates job opportunities in tech-related fields such as software
development, cyber security, and digital marketing.
• Digital Entrepreneurship: Technology lowers the barriers to
starting a business, allowing individuals to launch startups online,
often with low overhead costs.
• Remote Work and Global Talent: Digital tools enable flexible
work arrangements and the ability to tap into a global talent pool,
transforming how businesses operate, and people work.
51
Technology Creates Opportunity for Society to Change

⮚Enhancing Social Inclusion:

• Accessible Technology: Innovations
like screen readers, voice-controlled
devices, and accessible websites make
digital spaces more inclusive for people
with disabilities.
• Social Integration: Digital platforms
foster connection, inclusion, and
belonging across diverse communities,
helping break down societal divisions. Source: Neha Baral

52
5. Appropriate Technology
Definition:

• Appropriate technology refers to small-scale, localized, energy-efficient, and

environmentally sound technology designed to meet the basic needs of a community
using locally available resources and skills. It promotes self-sufficiency, sustainability,
and minimal environmental impact.

Origin and Ideology:

• Dr. Ernst Friedrich "Fritz" Schumacher introduced the concept in Small is Beautiful,
arguing that technology should promote health and beauty.

• Mahatma Gandhi advocated small, village-based industries to foster self-reliance.

• Mao Zedong promoted similar ideas in China, emphasizing community-based

solutions.
53
Properties of Appropriate Technology
1. Small-Scale and Simple: Designed for easy use, maintenance, and repair at
a local level.

2. Decentralized: Technology is locally controlled, reducing dependency on

external sources.

3. Labour-Intensive: Maximizes human labor rather than heavy machinery.

4. Energy-Efficient and Self-Sustaining: Prioritizes renewable resources such as

solar, wind, and hydropower.

5. Environmentally Sound: Minimizes negative ecological impact.

6. Locally Controlled: Utilizes local workers and materials to strengthen the

community.
54
Importance of Appropriate Technology
• Meets Local Needs: Encourages community involvement and aligns with
cultural practices.

• Reduces Costs: Utilizes existing resources, reducing the need for

expensive imports.

• Encourages Self-Sufficiency: Empowers local communities to manage

their own development.

• Sustainable and Eco-Friendly: Promotes renewable energy and

environmentally conscious practices.

• Enhances Economic Stability: Shields communities from external

economic fluctuations.
55
Examples of Appropriate Technology
• Trail Suspension Bridge: Initial bridge were made in Baglung using
local ore of iron and technology.

• Rainwater Harvesting: Collecting and storing rainwater for reuse.

• Biogas: Converting organic waste into clean energy.

• Smokeless and Wood-Conserving Stoves: Reducing indoor air pollution

and deforestation.

• Micro Hydro Power: Small-scale water-driven electricity generation.

• Water mill

56
Advantages
• Cost-effective and affordable.

• Uses locally available skills and materials.

• Creates employment opportunities.

• Environmentally sustainable.

• Reduces reliance on external resources.

57
Challenges
• May not always scale effectively for large communities.

• Lack of awareness and technical knowledge.

• Cultural and regional differences may limit applicability.

• Initial adoption may require awareness and training.

• Lack of government funding and support initially.

58
6. Intermediate Technology
• Technology which combines sophisticated ideas
with cheap and readily available materials
making it suitable for developing countries

• Main goal of intermediate technology is to

advance technology along with increase in
employment

• Makes technology accessible, affordable, and

sustainable, particularly in developing regions.

59
Is it different from Appropriate Technology?

• The terms ‘Appropriate Technology’ and ‘Intermediate Technology’ are

often used interchangeably
Appropriate Technology Intermediate Technology
Technology that is designed to fit local Technology that is more advanced than
conditions, resources, and needs, traditional methods but simpler and more
prioritizing sustainability and affordability affordable than modern high-tech solutions

Ensures the technology is best suited for Balances between traditional and modern
the economic, social, and environmental technology to provide practical and
conditions of the target area feasible solutions

• All intermediate technology can be appropriate technology, but not all

appropriate technology is necessarily intermediate technology 60
Nature of intermediate technology
• Establishment of work places in villages and towns encouraging
decentralized production

• Workplaces with more workers, low costs and minimum input

prioritizing employment generation over capital investment

• Simple method of production

• Production largely dependent on local materials and local workers

61
Why do we need intermediate technology?

• Helps a region to transition smoothly from local to modern technology

• Use of limited capital investment

• Efficient use of local resources

• Generation of employment opportunities

• Decentralization

• Easy Maintenance and Local Adaptation

62
Application of Intermediate Technology

1. Fetching Water
• Local Technology – Manually fetch water
from rivers or wells
• Modern Technology – Electric pump
• Intermediate Technology – HAND PUMPS

Fig : Hand
Pump 63
Application of Intermediate Technology

2. Water Purification
• Local Technology – Sediment water, Boil water
• Modern Technology – Water purifiers
• Intermediate Technology – CLOTH FILTERS

Fig : Cloth Filter

Source : Dulta et al.,
2023

64
Application of Intermediate Technology

3. Milling Grains
• Local Technology – Hand grinding using stone mills
• Modern Technology – Electric grain mills
• Intermediate Technology – BICYCLE-POWERED
GRAIN MILLS

Fig : Bicycle-power
grain mill
Source : sensiblesurvival.org

65
Labour Based Technology
• Construction or production methods
combining labour with light equipments and
tool rather than sophisticated technology

• Main goal is to maximize employment

opportunities while maintaining reasonable
productivity

• Often used in infrastructure projects in

developing countries Fig : Labours
Source :
• Eg: Road Construction using manual tools, Lovepik.com

Brick making by hand, hand-loom weaving,

etc.
66
Labour Based Technology

Fig : Labour Based

Works
Source : ruralroads.org

67
Labour Based VS Machine Based
Labour Based Technology Machine Based Technology
Focuses primarily on labour for Focuses on use of machines and
production automation for production
Minimal initial investment on High initial investment on
equipments equipments
Slower production Faster production
Suitable for regions with high Suitable for regions with high labour
unemployment and abundant labour cost and low workforce availability

68
Features of Labour Based Technology

Labour-based Quality of the

Local dlabour is methods should manufactured
preferre wherever beheaper than product should be
applicable machine-based of required
methods standard

69
Advantages of Labour Based Technology

Generatio
Low Developm
n
Capital ent
Of
Investmen Of
Employme
t Skill
nt

Reduction
Increased
Of
Use Of
Environme
Local
ntal
Resources
Impact

70
Disadvantages of Labour Based Technology

Lower Higher
Limited
Productivit Long Term
Scalability
y Costs

Labour Difficult to
Unrest and maintain
Manageme consistenc
nt Issues y

71
Labour Intensive Technology
• Production processes requiring high proportion of human labour
compared to capital investment

• Labour Intensive Technology – Labour costs are higher than Capital

costs
Labour Based Techonology – Proritizes use of labour for production

• Typically used in industries where automation is not feasible or too

costly

72
Labour Intensive Technology

Fig : Fig : Salt

Sewing Harvesting
Source : Source :
fedev.org economicshelp.org
73
Labour Intensive VS Capital Intensive

Labour Intensive Technology Capital Intensive Technology

Labour Costs higher than Capital Capital Costs higher than Labour
Costs Costs

Low capital investments but higher High capital investments but few
workforce requirement workers required
Lower productivity but high Higher productivity but lower
employment generation employment generation

74
Advantages of Labour Intensive Technology

Generatio Cost-
n Effective Preserves
Of in Labour- Traditional
Employme Rich Skill
nt Countries

Reduces
Dependen
Community
cy on
Involvemen
Foreign
t
Technolog
y
75
Disadvantages of Labour Intensive Technology
Not
Requires
suitable
Lower Large
for regions
Productivit Number of
with high
y Trained
Labour
Workers
Costs

Labour Difficult to
Unrest and maintain
Manageme consistenc
nt Issues y

76
7. SHIFTS IN EMPLOYMENT DUE
TO TECHNOLOGICAL
ADVANCEMENT

• Technology advances continuously with time

• With technological advancements, workforce

demands and employment patterns change 77
Shifts in Employment Due to Technological
Advancement

Agricultural Workers Knowledge Workers

(Agricultural Age) (Information Age)
Source : Source :
youtube.com/@TIMELINE_MarkVinet linkedin.com/in/sanjaykmohindroo

Industrial Workers
(Industrial Age)
Source :
78
Why shift in employment occurs?
• Change in consumer demands

• Creation of new kind of jobs

• Access to education and skill

development

• Automation due to which machine

replaces labours in different jobs

• Government Policies and Investments

Source :
bigfishcreative.com.au

79
Shift of employment in different industries

Types of Industries

1. Primary Industry
• Involves the extraction and
harvesting of natural resources
Fig :
directly from the Earth Agriculture
Source :
• Yield of primary production samriddhi.org

requires additional processing

• Eg: Agriculture, Fishing, Forestry,
Mining, Quarrying
Fig : Fishing
Source : 80
Shift of employment in different industries

Types of Industries

2. Secondary Industry
• Involves processing and
manufacturing of raw materials
Fig : Food Factory
Source : youtube.com/@Food-
• Eg : Factories producing processed Kingdom

food, cars, textiles, construction

materials

Fig : Cement Factory

Source :
worldcementassociation.org 81
Shift of employment in different industries

Types of Industries

3. Tertiary Industry
• Does not produce physical goods
• Provides services rather than Fig : Healthcare
Source :
goods nursesgroup.co.uk

• Eg : Healthcare, Education,
Transportation, Banking, Tourism

Fig : Education
Source : 82
Employment patterns in different countries
LEDC MEDC
(Less NIC (Newly (More
Economica Industrializ Economica
lly ed lly
Developed Country) Developed
Country) by
• Dominated Country)
• Mechanized
• Strong
primary manufacturing Farming
industry sector • Automation of
• Little • Manufacturing manufacturing
mechanization industries • Very strong
on farms move to NICs tertiary
• Little industry
to take
manufacturing advantage of • Growth of jobs
• In Early stages in the field of
cheap labour
of economic and land knowledge
development
83
Shift of employment in different industries

Primary Industry – Decreases

over time
Majority of workforce was involved in primary industry

Mechanization reduces need for workers and rural workers

migrate to urban areas

Exhaust of raw materials leads to loss of jobs such as

mining

Decrease in workers as they prefer better paid and less

physically demanding jobs in tertiary industry

84
Shift of employment in different industries

Secondary Industry – Increases at first,

then decreases
Industrialization initially increases manufacturing jobs

Factory jobs eventually replaced by automation

Manufacturing industries move from more economically

developed countries to newly industrialized countries

85
Shift of employment in different industries

Tertiary Industry –
Increases
Workers migrate to urban areas

Demand for health, education and tourism grows with

development of country

Rapid growth in knowledge based jobs and the economy

86
87