2186671:
ADV. NATURAL GAS ENGINEERING
Heat Transfer Theory
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Kreangkrai Maneeintr
Department of Mining and Petroleum
Faculty of Engineering, Chulalongkorn University
OVERVIEW
Topics
Mechanisms of heat transfer
Conduction, convection, radiation and multiple transfer
Overall heat transfer coefficient
Overall temperature differences
Process heat duty
Sensible heat
Latent heat
Heat loss
Overall heat duty
INTRODUCTION
Many of processes used in gas handling production
facility require the transfer of heat of which is necessary
for heating and cooling the gas as well as refrigerating
the various substances used in gas treating and
processing.
The lecture material will be limited to the procedures used
to calculate the heat transfer rate that occurs in the
process and to calculate the heat duty required to heat or
cool gas or other substances from on temperature to
another.
The subsequent chapter of this heat transfer will discuss
the shell and tube heat exchangers and others.
INTRODUCTION
Mechanism of Heat Transfer
There are 3 modes of heat transfer from a
source to receiver, although most engineering
application are combination of 2 or 3 modes that
are
Conduction
Convection
Radiation
HEAT TRANSFER BY CONDUCTION
The heat transfer by conduction is the flow of heat because
of the temperature difference driving force from one molecule to an
adjacent molecule which the particles remain
in fixed positions relative to each other.
The quantity of heat flow may be expressed by the following equation:
q = kA(T)/L Eq. 1
Where q = heat transfer rate, Btu/hr or Joules/per hr or W
A = heat transfer area, sq.ft. or m2
T = temperature difference, °F or K
k = thermal conductivity, Btu/hr–ft-°F or W/m K
L = distance heat energy is conducted, ft, or m
HEAT TRANSFER BY CONDUCTION
Fourier’s Law of Heat Conduction
Based on steady state assumption
The rate of heat transfer by conduction can be explained with
Fourier’s law as shown below:
Eq. 2
(Sources: Geankoplis, 1993)
HEAT TRANSFER BY CONDUCTION
Fourier’s Law of Heat Conduction
Thermal conductivity of
materials at 200 F
(Sources: Arnold and Stewart, 1999)
HEAT TRANSFER BY CONDUCTION
Conduction Through a Flat Wall
For a flat wall with area A and constant k, Eq. 2 can be written
as
HEAT TRANSFER BY CONDUCTION
Conduction Through a Hollow Cylinder
In many instances, heat is transferred through the wall of a
cylinder such as a pipe. Consider the hollow cylinder with
radius of r1 and temperature T1 and outside radius of r2 with T2
and length L m. From Fourier’s law, it can be written
with
(Sources: Geankoplis, 1993)
HEAT TRANSFER BY CONDUCTION
Conduction Through a Hollow Cylinder
Multiplying numerator and denominator by (r2-r1),
where
HEAT TRANSFER BY CONDUCTION
Conduction Through Solids in Series: Plane Wall
For a multilayer wall of more than one material present as
shown in the Figure, the heat flow q must be the same in
each layer, we can write Fourier’s equation for each layer as:
HEAT TRANSFER BY CONDUCTION
Conduction Through Solids in Series: Plane Wall
HEAT TRANSFER BY CONDUCTION
Conduction Through Solids in Series: Plane Wall
HEAT TRANSFER BY CONDUCTION
Conduction Through Solids in Series: Plane Wall
HEAT TRANSFER BY CONDUCTION
Conduction Through Solids in Series: Multilayer
Cylinder
Heat transfer often occurs through multilayers of cylinders as
for example when heat is transferred through the walls of an
insulated pipe shown in the Figure.
The temperature drop is
T1-T2 from r1-r2 across material A,
T2-T3 from r2-r3 across B and
T3-T4 from r3-r4 across C.
(Sources: Geankoplis, 1993)
HEAT TRANSFER BY CONDUCTION
Conduction Through Solids in Series: Multilayer
Cylinder
HEAT TRANSFER BY CONDUCTION
Conduction Through Solids in Series: Multilayer
Cylinder
HEAT TRANSFER BY CONDUCTION
Conduction Through Solids in Series: Multilayer
Cylinder
18
HEAT TRANSFER BY CONDUCTION
Conduction Through Solids in Series: Multilayer
Cylinder
HEAT TRANSFER BY CONVECTION
The heat transfer by convection occurs within as fluid as the
result of mixing of warmer and cooler portions of the fluid.
The rate of heat flow is proportional to the temperature
difference between the hot and the cold liquid, and the heat
transfer area. It is expressed as:
q = h A (ΔT)
where q = heat transfer rate, Btu/hr
A = heat transfer area, sq.ft.
ΔT = temperature difference, °F
h = film coefficient, Btu/hr-ft2- °F
The film coefficient is influenced by the nature of the fluid and
the nature of the agitation and is can be determined
experimentally.
HEAT TRANSFER BY RADIATION
The heat transfer by radiation is the flow of heat from a
source to a receiver by radiant energy.
Most heat transfer processes in the field gas processing
use a conduction or convection transfer process or some
combination of the two.
Radiant energy from direct flame is rarely used. However,
radiant energy is important in calculating the heat given off
by a flare.
Determining the radiation level from a burning flare must
be within allowable range by API Reccommended Practice
521, Guide for Pressure Relief and Depressuring
Systems.
MULTIPLE TRANSFER MECHANISMS
Most heat transfer processes used in production facilities
involve combination of conduction and convection
transfer processes. For example as occurring in heat
exchanger through exchanger tube.
To calculate the rate of heat transfer in each steps in the
combination, the individual temperature difference would
have to be known. It is difficult to measure accurately
the temperature at each boundary.
MULTIPLE TRANSFER MECHANISMS
(Sources: Geankoplis, 1993)
MULTIPLE TRANSFER MECHANISMS
Combined convection and conduction and
overall coefficients
In many practical situations the surface temperatures (or
boundary conditions at the surface) are not known, but
there is a fluid on both sides of the solid surfaces. Consider
the plane wall in Figure 4.3-3a, with a hot fluid at
temperature T1 on the inside surface and a cold fluid at T4
on the outside surface. The convective coefficient on the
outside is ho W/m2K and hi on the inside.
(Method of predicting the convection h will be given later.)
MULTIPLE TRANSFER MECHANISMS
Combined convection and conduction and
overall coefficients
The heat-transfer rate using equation of conduction and
convection is given as:
MULTIPLE TRANSFER MECHANISMS
Combined convection and conduction and
overall coefficients
For cylinder
MULTIPLE TRANSFER MECHANISMS
However, in practice, the heat transfer calculations are
based on the overall temperature difference, such as the
difference between the hot and cold fluid temperatures.
The heat transfer rate is expressed, similarly to the
conduction/convection transfer process, as:
q = UA (ΔT)
where q = heat transfer rate, Btu/hr
A = heat transfer area, sq.ft.
ΔT = temperature difference, °F
U = Overall heat transfer coefficient, Btu/hr-ft 2- °F
OVERALL HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT
The overall heat transfer coefficient is a combination of
the internal film coefficient, the tubing wall thermal
conductivity and thickness, the external film coefficient,
and fouling factors.
The resistance of heat flow is added in series similar to
electrical resistance to produce an overall resistance.
The heat transfer coefficient is similar to the electrical
conductance, and its reciprocal is the resistance (i.e
Energy transfer film inside the wall by convection
tubing wall by conduction film outside by convection).
OVERALL HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT
The overall heat transfer coefficient can be calculated
using the following equation:
1/U = 1/(hiAi/Ao ) + 1/(k/L) + 1/ho + Ri + Ro
Where hi = inside film coefficient, Btu/ hr-ft2- °F
ho = outside film coefficient, Btu/ hr-ft2- °F
k = pipe wall thermal conductivity, Btu/ hr-ft2- °F
L = pipe wall thickness, ft
Ri = inside fouling resistance, hr-ft2- °F/ Btu
Ro = outside fouling resistance, hr-ft2- °F/ Btu
Ai = pipe inside surface area, ft2/ ft
Ao = pipe outside surface area, ft2/ ft
OVERALL HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT
The Fouling factors (Ri and Ro) are normally included to
allow for added resistance to heat flow resulting from
dirt, scale, or corrosion on the tube wall.
The sum of these fouling factors is normally taken to be
≈ 0.003 hr-ft2- °F/ Btu, although this value can be widely
with specific service.
Basic tube and coil properties, and thermal conductivity
of the different metals for calculation of the equation are
normally provided in tabulating form.
OVERALL HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT
(Sources: Arnold and Stewart, 1999)
OVERALL HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT
(Sources: Arnold and Stewart, 1999)
OVERALL HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT
OVERALL HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT
OVERALL HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT
OVERALL HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT
OVERALL HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT
OVERALL TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE
Temperature difference may not remain constant
throughout the flow path, as show in Figure 2.2, the
counter current flow and Figure 2.3, the co-current flow.
The log mean temperature difference is normally used and
can be expressed by the following equation:
LMTD = (T1 – T2)/ (ln (T1/ T2) )
where LMTD = log mean temperature difference, °F
T1 = larger terminal temperature difference, °F
T2 = smaller terminal temperature difference,
°F
OVERALL TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE
Change in temperature (counter current and
co-current flow of fluids)
(Sources: Arnold and Stewart, 1999)
PROCESS HEAT DUTY
The process heat duty is the heat required to be
added or removed from the process fluids to
create the required change in temperature.
The process heat duty can be in form of sensible
heat, latent heat, or both.
PROCESS HEAT DUTY
Sensible Heat
The sensible heat is the amount of heat absorbed or lost
by the substance that causes a change in the
temperature of the substance.
The general equation for calculating sensible heat is:
qsh = W (C) (T2 – T1)
Where qsh = sensible heat duty, Btu/hr
W = mass flow rate, lb/hr
C = specific heat of the fluid, Btu/lb -°F
T1 = initial temperature, °F
T2 = final temperature, °F
PROCESS HEAT DUTY
Sensible Heat
(Sources: Arnold and Stewart, 1999)
PROCESS HEAT DUTY
Sensible Heat
(Sources: Arnold and Stewart, 1999)
PROCESS HEAT DUTY
Latent Heat
Latent heat is the amount of heat energy absorbed or
loss by a substance when changing phases.
The equation for latent heat is:
qlh = W (l)
where qlh = latent heat duty, Btu/hr
W = mass flow rate, lb/hr
l = latent heat, Btu/lb
PROCESS HEAT DUTY
Latent Heat
(Sources: Arnold and Stewart, 1999)
PROCESS HEAT DUTY
Heat Duty for Multiphase Streams
When process stream consists of more than one phase,
the process heat duty can be calculated using the
following equation:
qp = qg + qo + qw
Where qp = overall process heat duty, Btu/hr
qg = gas heat duty, Btu/hr
qo = oil heat duty, Btu/hr
qw = water heat duty, Btu/hr
DISCUSSION MOMENT
1. Mechanisms of heat transfer
- Conduction
- Convection
2. Overall heat transfer coefficient
3. Process heat duty
4. Other topics including the previous ones
REFERENCES
List of references and other sources
1. Geankoplis, C.J., Transport Processes and Separation
Process Principles , 3rd ed., Prentice Hall, 1993.
2. Arnold, K., Stewart, M., Surface Production Operations
Vol. 1 and 2,1999.
3. Lake, L.W., Petroleum Engineering Handbook Vol. 1 and
3, SPE, Texas, 2006.
4. Auntie Wi(kipedia)
5. Youtube
6. Onepetro
7. Google
