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Diffrential Equations

The presentation covers the fundamentals of differential equations, including their definition, historical background, and formation. It explains the concepts of ordinary differential equations, general solutions, and particular solutions, as well as methods for solving them. Key figures like Isaac Newton and Gottfried Leibniz are highlighted for their contributions to the development of calculus and differential equations.

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Dr. Rashid Mehmood Maths
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7 views

Diffrential Equations

The presentation covers the fundamentals of differential equations, including their definition, historical background, and formation. It explains the concepts of ordinary differential equations, general solutions, and particular solutions, as well as methods for solving them. Key figures like Isaac Newton and Gottfried Leibniz are highlighted for their contributions to the development of calculus and differential equations.

Uploaded by

Dr. Rashid Mehmood Maths
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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PRESENTATION ON

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
CONTENTS :
 INTRODUCTION OF DIFFERENTIAL
EQUATIONS.
 INVENTION OF DIFFERENTIAL
EQUATIONS
 ORDER AND DEGREE OF
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS.
 FORMATION OF DIFFERENTIAL
EQUATIONS.
 ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL
EQUATIONS (ODE).
 SOLUTION OF DIFFERENTIAL
What are Differential Equations
 Calculus, the science of rate of change, was invented
by Newton in the investigation of natural phenomena.
 Many other types of systems can be modelled by
writing down an equation for the rate of change of
phenomena:
 bandwidth utilisation in TCP networks.
 acceleration of car.
 population increase.
 chemical change of some kind.
 locus of a football.
 All of the above behaviour can be captured by very
simple differential equations.
A mathematical
equation that relates a
function with its derivatives
is called differential
equation,
the function usually
represent physical quantities,
derivatives represent its rate
of change
differential
History of Differential Equations
 Originof differential equations
 Who invented idea
 Background idea.
Origin of differential
equations
In mathematics history of differential
equations traces the development of
differential equations form calculus, itself
independently invented by English physicist
Isaac Newton and German mathematician
Gottfried Leibniz.
The history of the subject of differential
equations in concise form a synopsis of the
recent article ‘’The History of Differential
Equations 1670-1950’’.
Sir Isaac Newton and
Gottfried Leibniz
Slope and Rate of
change

We can find an Average


slope between two
points.
But how do we find the
slope at a point?
There is nothing to
measure!
But with derivatives we use a
small difference ...

...then have it shrink


towards zero.
Differential calculus real time
video
Formation of Differential Equations

the family of straight


lines represented by
Y
y = mx
y mx
 m = tan
dy dy y X
 =m  
dx dx x O
dy
 x y
dx

is a differential equation of the first


order.
Formation of Differential Equations
Assume the family of curves represented by
y = Acos x +B  …(i)

where A and B are arbitrary constants.


dy [Differentiating (i) w.r.t. x]
  A sin x  B  ... ii 
dx

d2 y
and 2
 A cos x  B  [Differentiating (ii) w.r.t. x]
dx
Formation of Differential Equations

d2 y
d2 y 
2
+y =0
  y [Using (i)] dx
2
dx
is a differential equation of second order

Similarly, by eliminating three arbitrary constants, a


differential equation of third order is obtained.

Generally eliminating n arbitrary constants, a


differential equation of nth order is obtained.
Solving :
We solve it when we discover the
function y (or set of functions y).
There are many "tricks" to solving
Differential Equations (if they can
be solved!), but first: why?
Solution of a Differential Equation

The solution of a differential equation is the


relation between the variables, not taking the
differential coefficients, satisfying the given
differential equation and containing as many
arbitrary constants as its order is.
For example: y = Acosx - Bsinx

d2 y
+ 4y = equation
is a solution of the differential 0
2
dx
General Solution
If thesolution
If the solution of a differential
of a differential equation ofequation of
nth order contains n
arbitrary
nth constants,
order containsthe solution is calledconstants,
n arbitrary the general solution.

the solution is called the general solution.


y = Acosx - Bsinx
d2 y
is the
is general solution
the general of the differential
solution +y =0
equation equation
of the differential 2
dx

y  B sin x

is not the general solution as it contains one


is not the general
arbitrary solution as it contains one arbitrary constant.
constant.
Particular Solution
A solution obtained by giving particular
values to the arbitrary constants in
general solution is called particular
solution.
y  3 cos x  2 sin x

d2 y
+ y = 0.
2
dx

is a particular solution of the differential equation .


SOLUTION OF
DIFFERENTIAL
EQUATION.
Variable Separable
The first order differential
equation

Is called separable provided that


f(x,y) can be written as the
product of a function of x and a
function of y
Suppose we can write the above
equation as

We then say we have “separated” the


variable, By taking h(y) to the LHS, the
equation becomes.
On Integrating, we get the solution as

Where c is an arbitrary constant.

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