Structural Analysis
(1)
Chapter One
Types of
Structures
and Loads
Introducti
onof connected parts used to support load, such as
Structure refers to a system
Buildings, Bridges, towers, …………….
Classification of structures
Classification of structural systems is based on many considerations.
Generally, the most fundamental component or “elements” of a structural
system are classified based on their mode(s) of deformation and load-
resisting behavior
A structural system can be composed of various types of elements in
order to satisfy the functional requirements
There is no unique way to classify the structural systems
Structural
Elements
Some of the more common elements from which structures are composed:
1. Bars and Tie Rods
Can carry tensile
force.
2. Beams
Beams are usually straight horizontal members.
Used to carry vertical loads.
Classified according to the
way they are supported.
Beams are primarily designed to resist bending moment and less important
shear force.
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Concret Steel Woo
e d
3. Columns
Members that are generally vertical and resist axial compressive loads.
axial axial load + bending
load moment
Types of
Structures
The combination of structural elements and the materials from which they
are composed is referred to as a structural system.
Each system is constructed of one or more of four basic types of structures:
1. Trusses
2. Cables & Arches
3. Frames
4. Surface Structures
1. Trusses
Truss elements, the simplest form of structural elements, carry pure
tension and compression.
Truss elements are connected to other elements with pin connections.
The elements, when loaded, are subjected to only axial forces and axial
deformation.
Planar trusses are composed of members that lie in the same plane and
are frequently used for bridge and roof support.
space trusses have members extending in three dimensions and are
suitable for derricks and towers.
2. Cables
Cables are slender members in which the cross-sectional dimensions
are relatively small compared with the length.
Primary load-carrying mechanism is axial tension.
The deflected shape of a cable depends on the applied loading.
For discrete loading, the deformed shape of the cable is a series of
piecewise straight lines between the points of the applied loads.
For distributed loading, the deformed shape is a curve.
3. Arches
Arches are curved members that are supported at each end such that
the primary load-carrying mechanism is axial compression
Arch elements may be subjected to secondary forces such as bending
and shear depending on the applied loading and support conditions
In any cases, axial compression still remains the dominant mode of
action
4. Frames
Frame elements generally carry shear forces and bending moments in
addition to axial forces
Frame elements are connected to other elements with rigid, semi-rigid,
or pin connection
Pin connections do not allow any moment transfer between the
connecting elements (the connecting elements can rotate freely relative
to each other)
Rigid connections imply a complete moment transfer
Frame elements can have multiple modes of deformation, i.e. axial, shear,
and bending
4. Surface structures
A surface structure is made from a material having a very
small thickness compared to its other dimensions.
May be shaped as folded plates, cylinders, or hyperbolic paraboloids,
and are referred to as thin plates or shells.
These structures act like cables or arches since they support loads
primarily in tension or compression, with very little bending.
LOAD
Design loading for a structure isS
often specified in codes
1. General building codes
ASCE (American Society of Civil Engineers )
UBC (Uniform Building Code)
2. Design codes
ACI (Amer. Const. Ins.)
AISC (Amer. Ins. Of Steel Const.)
AASHTO (Amer. Association of State Highway and
Transportation Officials)
Table 1.1 lists some of the important codes used in
practice.
Types of
1. Dead loads load
Weights of various structural members
Weights of any objects that are permanently attached to the structure
Loads that are “always there”
2. Live loads
Varies in magnitude & location.
Depends on the purpose for which the building is designed.
These loadings are generally tabulated in local, state or national
code.
Loads that may move or change mass or
weight
3. Wind loads
4. Snow loads
5. Earthquake loads
6. Hydrostatic and soil pressure
…………
