S. B. PATIL COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, INDAPUR, DIST: PUNE.

Department of AI&DS Engineering

Prof.S.O.Bagnawar
Teaching Assistant
AI&DS Engineering Department
 Internet OF Things
INSEM 30 Marks
(2019 course)
Unit1: Fundamentals Of Computer Organization and Digital Electronics

Unit 2:Communication Interface

ENDSEM 70 Marks

Unit 3: Introduction and IOT Technologies Behind Smart and intelligent

devices

Unit 4: IOT Systems Network And Protocol

Unit 5: IOT Design and system Engineering

Unit 6: IOT Application

 Why We need To Study IOT
it provides the skills and knowledge needed to navigate and
contribute to the interconnected world of tomorrow

IoT is an integral part of technological innovation

Understanding the subject opens doors for interdisciplinary

collaboration and innovation
 Unit 1:Fundamentals Of Computer Organization
and Digital Electronics
 Basic Organization of Computers

 Classification Micro, Mini, Mainframe and Super

Computer

 System Bus and Interconnection, PCI

 Computer Function, I-Cycle

 Interrupt and Class of Interrupts, Number systems

 Decimal Number system, Binary number system

 Binary number system ,Octal & Hexadecimal number

system
 Classification Micro, Mini, Mainframe
and Super Computer:
 Super Computer
 Most efficient computers in terms of processing data and
performance are supercomputers.

 These computers are used for research and exploratory

purposes.

 Supercomputers are exceedingly large and highly

expensive.

 Supercomputers are used for a range of tasks, such as

space exploration, seismic research, and the testing of
nuclear weapons.
Supercomputer Image:
 Mainframe Computer :
 Despite being less efficient than supercomputers.

 Large corporations and governmental organizations frequently

employ mainframe.

 They have the ability to store and analyze a lot of data.

 They may also act as a server in a network environment.

 Hundreds of users may be managed simultaneously by them.

 They have enormous amounts of memory.

 They are capable of running several different OS.

Mainframe Computer Image:
 Minicomputer:
Minicomputers are used by small businesses and industries.

 These minicomputers frequently have several users, just as

mainframe computers. They are a bit slower than mainframe
computers.

For example, the manufacturing department may employ

minicomputers to keep an eye on specific production processes

It is smaller than mainframes or supercomputers in terms of

size

Less costly ,able to perform many jobs at once

It may be utilized by several users simultaneously

Minicomputer Image:
 Microcomputer :
 It is a type of computer that runs on a smaller scale than
traditional computers (Personal Computer).

 A component that is commonly referred to as a motherboard

houses the central processing unit (CPU), a microprocessor,
memory in the form of ROM (Read Only Memory), RAM
(Random Access Memory), I/O ports, and a bus system of
connecting wires.
 What Is Interrupt
The interrupt is a signal emitted by hardware or software when a
process or an event needs immediate attention.

 It alerts the processor to a high-priority process requiring

interruption of the current working process.

In I/O devices one of the bus control lines is dedicated for this
purpose and is called the Interrupt Service Routine (ISR).

When a device raises an interrupt at let’s say process i,e., the

processor first completes the execution of instruction i. Then it
loads the Program Counter (PC) with the address of the first
instruction of the ISR.
Types Of Interrupt
 Unit 2:Communication Interface

Basic Peripherals & their interfacing with 8086/8088

Semiconductor Memory Interfacing

Dynamic RAM Interfacing

Interfacing I/O Ports-PIO-8255

Modes of operation-interfacing Analog-Digital Data converter

stepper motor interfacing.

 Why Analog to Digital?
 Signals in the real world are analog: light, sound, temperature,
pressure, acceleration or other phenomenon

 When you scan a picture with a scanner what the scanner is doing is
an analog-to-digital conversion

 When you record your voice on computer you are using an analog-to-
digital converter to convert your voice

 Whenever we need the analog signal back, the opposite conversion –

digital-to-analog, which is done by a circuit called DAC.

As microprocessor only understand digital signal, so real world analog

signal
should be converted into digital to process it by microprocessor
Interfacing A/D Converter to 8086
Write an assembly language
procedure to read the converted digital data
through data bus
,
Interfacing A/D Converter to 8086 (Cont.)
A7 A6 A5 A4 A3 A2 A1 A0 Address
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 80H Address to
read INTR
1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 82H Address to
read converter
 Unit 3: Introduction & IOT Technologies
behind smart and intelligent devices
 IoT Concepts

 Introduction to IOT Communications

 Telemetry vs IOT

 Applications of IOT Communications, People, Processes and

Devices

 Automation, asset management, telemetry, transportation,

telematics

 Telemetry and Telemetric

 Next generation kiosks, self-service technology

 Cellular IOT connectivity services.

 IOT Concept:
 Internet of Things (IoT) refers to the interconnection of
everyday physical devices to the internet, allowing them to
send, receive, and exchange data with each other and other
systems

 Definition:
IoT involves connecting devices like sensors, actuators, and
machines to the internet, enabling them to collect, exchange,
and act on data without direct human intervention.

Devices and Sensors:

Physical objects (devices) equipped with sensors and embedded
software to gather data from their surroundings (e.g.,
temperature, motion, humidity).
Examples: Smart thermostats, wearable health trackers, smart
appliances.
Connectivity:
IoT devices communicate through various communication
protocols like Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, Zigbee, 5G, LoRaWAN, etc
Connectivity can be local (device-to-device) or through the
cloud (device-to-cloud).

Actuators (Actions):
In some cases, IoT systems do more than just collect data; they
can also take actions based on the data

User Interface/Access:
Users can interact with IoT systems through mobile apps,
dashboards, or web interfaces to monitor the system, control
devices, and receive insights or alerts.
 Introduction To IOT Communication
 Device-to-Device Communication (D2D): Direct
communication between two IoT devices without the need for
a central controller.

 Device-to-Gateway Communication (D2G):A device

communicates with a gateway (intermediary) that connects to
the internet, where the gateway might process some data
before sending it to the cloud.

 Device-to-Cloud Communication (D2C): The most common

form of IoT communication where devices send data directly
to cloud services (via the internet) for storage, processing, or
analysis

 Device-to-Server Communication (D2S): Similar to device-to-

cloud, but focused on the server that stores or processes the
data, often used for enterprise-level IoT systems
 Unit 4: IoT Systems, Network and Protocols
 Study of RF Wireless Sensors;

 Wireless Sensor Networking (WSN);

 Cellular Machine-to- Machine (M2M) application networks;

 Computer Connected to Internet; Network Devices;

 Device configuration and management;

 Exchange information in real time without human

intervention;

 IoT Protocols.
 Wireless Sensor Networking:

Wireless Sensor Network (WSN), is an infrastructure-less

wireless network that is deployed in a large number of
wireless sensors in an ad-hoc manner that is used to
monitor the system, physical, or environmental
conditions
 Wireless Sensor Network Architecture

 Physical Layer: This layer connects sensor

nodes to the base station using technologies like
radio waves, infrared, or Bluetooth.

 Data Link Layer: Responsible for establishing a

reliable connection between sensor nodes and the
base station.

 Application Layer: Enables sensor nodes to

communicate specific data to the base station.
 Unit 5: IOT Design and System Engineering
Discuss IOT Requirements

Hardware & Software

Study of IOT Sensors

Tagging and Tracking

Embedded Products

IOT Design

SIM Card Technology

IOT Connectivity and Management , Security.

 Embedded Products:
 Embedded Products: Embedded products are devices that are part
of a larger system and perform a specific function. They are also
known as dedicated or single-purpose devices.

 Examples of embedded product :

o Factory robots: These robots are designed to perform high-

precision tasks in dangerous work conditions.

o Fitness trackers: These wearables are used in sports, health, and

fitness areas

o Embedded servers:These servers are libraries that are intended to

be integrated into a larger system

o Embedded devices:These devices are units found within an

embedded system, such as a sensor, camera, or alarm.
 Embedded Product applications
.
 Unit 6: IOT Applications

IOT Verticals

IOT Hosted Services

IOT Application development

IOT Connectivity; IOT Software providers

Review of various IoT application domains

including agriculture, healthcare, manufacturing

Device management and vehicle to vehicle

communication and wearable computing devices
 IOT Application:
 Traffic management : IoT applications can help reduce risk by
making roadways safer and smarter.

 Hospitality : IoT applications can improve service quality in the

hotel industry by automating interactions with electronic keys sent
to guests' mobile devices.
 .

 Transportation : IoT applications can help with fleet

management by using cameras, location sensors, and drones
to monitor and deliver vehicles

 Environmental monitoring :
IoT applications can track air quality, water quality, and
weather conditions in real-time.