01Intro
01Intro
Concepts and
Techniques
1
Chapter 1. Introduction
Why Data Mining?
What Is Data Mining?
A Multi-Dimensional View of Data Mining
What Kind of Data Can Be Mined?
What Kinds of Patterns Can Be Mined?
What Technology Are Used?
What Kind of Applications Are Targeted?
Major Issues in Data Mining
A Brief History of Data Mining and Data Mining Society
Summary
2
Why Data Mining?
The Explosive Growth of Data: from terabytes to petabytes
Data collection and data availability
Automated data collection tools, database systems,
Web, computerized society
Major sources of abundant data
Business: Web, e-commerce, transactions, stocks, …
Science: Remote sensing, bioinformatics, scientific
simulation, …
Society and everyone: news, digital cameras, YouTube
We are drowning in data, but starving for knowledge!
“Necessity is the mother of invention”—Data mining—
Automated analysis of massive data sets
3
Evolution of Sciences
Before 1600, empirical science
1600-1950s, theoretical science
Each discipline has grown a theoretical component. Theoretical models
often motivate experiments and generalize our understanding.
1950s-1990s, computational science
Over the last 50 years, most disciplines have grown a third, computational
branch (e.g. empirical, theoretical, and computational ecology, or physics,
or linguistics.)
Computational Science traditionally meant simulation. It grew out of our
inability to find closed-form solutions for complex mathematical models.
1990-now, data science
The flood of data from new scientific instruments and simulations
The ability to economically store and manage petabytes of data online
The Internet and computing Grid that makes all these archives universally
accessible
Scientific info. management, acquisition, organization, query, and
visualization tasks scale almost linearly with data volumes. Data mining
is a major new challenge!
Jim Gray and Alex Szalay, The World Wide Telescope: An Archetype for Online 4
Evolution of Database
Technology
1960s:
Data collection, database creation, IMS and network DBMS
1970s:
Relational data model, relational DBMS implementation
1980s:
RDBMS, advanced data models (extended-relational, OO,
deductive, etc.)
Application-oriented DBMS (spatial, scientific, engineering, etc.)
1990s:
Data mining, data warehousing, multimedia databases, and Web
databases
2000s
Stream data management and mining
Data mining and its applications
Web technology (XML, data integration) and global information
systems 5
Chapter 1. Introduction
Why Data Mining?
What Is Data Mining?
A Multi-Dimensional View of Data Mining
What Kind of Data Can Be Mined?
What Kinds of Patterns Can Be Mined?
What Technology Are Used?
What Kind of Applications Are Targeted?
Major Issues in Data Mining
A Brief History of Data Mining and Data Mining Society
Summary
6
What Is Data Mining?
Task-relevant Data
Data Cleaning
Data Integration
Databases
8
Example: A Web Mining
Framework
9
Data Mining in Business Intelligence
Increasing potential
to support
business decisions End User
Decisio
n
Making
Data Presentation Business
Analyst
Visualization Techniques
Data Mining Data
Information Discovery Analyst
Data Exploration
Statistical Summary, Querying, and Reporting
11
KDD Process: A Typical View from ML
and Statistics
13
Chapter 1. Introduction
Why Data Mining?
What Is Data Mining?
A Multi-Dimensional View of Data Mining
What Kind of Data Can Be Mined?
What Kinds of Patterns Can Be Mined?
What Technology Are Used?
What Kind of Applications Are Targeted?
Major Issues in Data Mining
A Brief History of Data Mining and Data Mining Society
Summary
14
Multi-Dimensional View of Data
Mining
Data to be mined
Database data (extended-relational, object-oriented,
Techniques utilized
Data-intensive, data warehouse (OLAP), machine learning,
22
Data Mining Function: (5) Outlier
Analysis
Outlier analysis
Outlier: A data object that does not comply with the
general behavior of the data
Noise or exception? ― One person’s garbage could be
another person’s treasure
Methods: by product of clustering or regression analysis, …
Useful in fraud detection, rare events analysis
23
Time and Ordering: Sequential
Pattern, Trend and Evolution Analysis
Sequence, trend and evolution analysis
Trend, time-series, and deviation analysis: e.g.,
e.g., first buy digital camera, then buy large
SD memory cards
Periodicity analysis
Approximate and consecutive motifs
Similarity-based analysis
streams 24
Structure and Network Analysis
Graph mining
Finding frequent subgraphs (e.g., chemical compounds),
(edges)
e.g., author networks in CS, terrorist networks
Multiple heterogeneous networks
A person could be multiple information networks:
friends, family, classmates, …
Links carry a lot of semantic information: Link mining
Web mining
Web is a big information network: from PageRank to
Google
Analysis of Web information networks
Web community discovery, opinion mining, usage 25
Evaluation of Knowledge
Are all mined knowledge interesting?
One can mine tremendous amount of “patterns” and
knowledge
Some may fit only certain dimension space (time, location,
…)
Some may not be representative, may be transient, …
Evaluation of mined knowledge → directly mine only
interesting knowledge?
Descriptive vs. predictive
Coverage
Typicality vs. novelty
Accuracy
Timeliness 26
Chapter 1. Introduction
Why Data Mining?
What Is Data Mining?
A Multi-Dimensional View of Data Mining
What Kind of Data Can Be Mined?
What Kinds of Patterns Can Be Mined?
What Technology Are Used?
What Kind of Applications Are Targeted?
Major Issues in Data Mining
A Brief History of Data Mining and Data Mining Society
Summary
27
Data Mining: Confluence of Multiple
Disciplines
28
Why Confluence of Multiple
Disciplines?
Tremendous amount of data
Algorithms must be highly scalable to handle such as tera-
bytes of data
High-dimensionality of data
Micro-array may have tens of thousands of dimensions
High complexity of data
Data streams and sensor data
Time-series data, temporal data, sequence data
Structure data, graphs, social networks and multi-linked
data
Heterogeneous databases and legacy databases
Spatial, spatiotemporal, multimedia, text and Web data
Software programs, scientific simulations
New and sophisticated applications
29
Chapter 1. Introduction
Why Data Mining?
What Is Data Mining?
A Multi-Dimensional View of Data Mining
What Kind of Data Can Be Mined?
What Kinds of Patterns Can Be Mined?
What Technology Are Used?
What Kind of Applications Are Targeted?
Major Issues in Data Mining
A Brief History of Data Mining and Data Mining Society
Summary
30
Applications of Data Mining
Web page analysis: from web page classification, clustering
to PageRank & HITS algorithms
Collaborative analysis & recommender systems
Basket data analysis to targeted marketing
Biological and medical data analysis: classification, cluster
analysis (microarray data analysis), biological sequence
analysis, biological network analysis
Data mining and software engineering (e.g., IEEE Computer,
Aug. 2009 issue)
From major dedicated data mining systems/tools (e.g., SAS,
MS SQL-Server Analysis Manager, Oracle Data Mining Tools)
to invisible data mining
31
Chapter 1. Introduction
Why Data Mining?
What Is Data Mining?
A Multi-Dimensional View of Data Mining
What Kind of Data Can Be Mined?
What Kinds of Patterns Can Be Mined?
What Technology Are Used?
What Kind of Applications Are Targeted?
Major Issues in Data Mining
A Brief History of Data Mining and Data Mining Society
Summary
32
Major Issues in Data Mining
(1)
Mining Methodology
Mining various and new kinds of knowledge
Mining knowledge in multi-dimensional space
Data mining: An interdisciplinary effort
Boosting the power of discovery in a networked
environment
Handling noise, uncertainty, and incompleteness of data
Pattern evaluation and pattern- or constraint-guided
mining
User Interaction
Interactive mining
Incorporation of background knowledge
Presentation and visualization of data mining results 33
Major Issues in Data Mining
(2)
34
Chapter 1. Introduction
Why Data Mining?
What Is Data Mining?
A Multi-Dimensional View of Data Mining
What Kind of Data Can Be Mined?
What Kinds of Patterns Can Be Mined?
What Technology Are Used?
What Kind of Applications Are Targeted?
Major Issues in Data Mining
A Brief History of Data Mining and Data Mining Society
Summary
35
A Brief History of Data Mining
Society
1989 IJCAI Workshop on Knowledge Discovery in Databases
Knowledge Discovery in Databases (G. Piatetsky-Shapiro and W.
Frawley, 1991)
1991-1994 Workshops on Knowledge Discovery in Databases
Advances in Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining (U. Fayyad,
G. Piatetsky-Shapiro, P. Smyth, and R. Uthurusamy, 1996)
1995-1998 International Conferences on Knowledge Discovery in
Databases and Data Mining (KDD’95-98)
Journal of Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery (1997)
ACM SIGKDD conferences since 1998 and SIGKDD Explorations
More conferences on data mining
PAKDD (1997), PKDD (1997), SIAM-Data Mining (2001), (IEEE)
ICDM (2001), etc.
ACM Transactions on KDD starting in 2007
36
Conferences and Journals on Data Mining