Introduction to Artificial

Intelligence
SCO113: Foundations of AI
 Intelligence
• Definition: A mental capability that, among
other things, involves the ability to reason,
plan, solve problems, think abstractly,
comprehend complex ideas, learn quickly
and
•
learn from experience.
It reflects a broader and deeper capability for
comprehending our surroundings—"catching
on," "making sense" of things, or "figuring
out" what to do.
Examples of Intelligence
Examples of Intelligence
Examples of Intelligence
 Artificial Intelligence
• For years, scientists have tried to embed the
intelligence found in human beings to
• computers.
• This study is called Artificial Intelligence (AI).
Definition: The theory and development of
computer systems able to perform tasks that
normally require human intelligence, such as
visual perception, speech recognition, decision-
making, and translation between languages.
 AI in the Eyes of the Society
• People get to know AI through news,
movies, and actual applications in
daily life. What is AI in the eyes of
the public?
Haidian Park: First AI-themed Park in the World StarCraft
II: AlphaStar Beat Professional Players
The Terminator
2001: A Space Odyssey
Self-service security check
Spoken language evaluation
AI-created Edmond de Belamy Sold at US$430,000 The Matrix Music/Movie recommendation
Demand for AI Programmers: 35 Times! Salary: Top 1! I, Robot Smart speaker
50% Jobs Will be Replaced by AI in the future Blade Runner …
Winter is Coming? AI Faces Challenges Elle
… Bicentennial Man
…

News Movies Applications in daily life

AI Applications AI Control over human beings Security protection
AI industry outlook Fall in love with AI Entertainment
Challenges faced by AI Self-awareness of AI Smart Home
… … Finance
…
 AI in the Eyes of
Researchers
"I propose to consider the question, 'Can machines think?'"
— Alan Turing 1950

The branch of computer science concerned with making computers behave like
humans.
— John McCarthy 1956

The science of making machines do things that would require intelligence if done
by men.
— Marvin Minsky
 What Are Intelligences?
• Howard Gardner's Multiple
Intelligences
• Human intelligences can be divided
into seven categories:
– Verbal/Linguistic
– Logical/Mathematical
– Visual/Spatial
– Bodily/Kinesthetic
– Musical/Rhythmic
– Inter-personal/Social
– Intra-personal/Introspective
 What Is AI?
• Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a new technical science that studies and develops theories,
methods, techniques, and application systems for simulating and extending human
intelligence. In 1956, the concept of AI was first proposed by John McCarthy, who
defined the subject as "science and engineering of making intelligent machines,
especially intelligent computer program". AI is concerned with making machines work
in an intelligent way, similar to the way that the human mind works. At present, AI has
become an interdisciplinary course that involves various fields.

Brain
science Cognitiv
e
Computer science
science

AI Psychology
Philosophy

Linguistics
Logic

Identification of concepts related to AI and machine

learning
AI Development Report 2020
Relationship of AI, Machine Learning, and Deep Learning
Relationship of AI, Machine Learning and
Deep Learning

• AI: A new technical science that focuses on the research and development of
theories, methods, techniques, and application systems for simulating and
extending human intelligence.
• Machine learning: A core research field of AI. It focuses on the study of how
computers can obtain new knowledge or skills by simulating or performing
learning behavior of human beings, and reorganize existing knowledge
architecture to improve its performance. It is one of the core research fields of
AI.
• Deep learning: A new field of machine learning. The concept of deep
learning originates from the research on artificial neural networks. The multi-
layer perceptron (MLP) is a type a deep learning architecture. Deep learning
aims to simulate the human brain to interpret data such as images, sounds,
and texts.
 Three Major Schools of Thought: Symbolism
• Basic thoughts
– The cognitive process of human beings is the process of inference and
operation of various symbols.
– A human being is a physical symbol system, and so is a computer.
Computers, therefore, can be used to simulate intelligent behavior of human
beings.
– The core of AI lies in knowledge representation, knowledge inference, and
knowledge application. Knowledge and concepts can be represented with
symbols. Cognition is the process of symbol processing while inference
refers to the process of solving problems by using heuristic knowledge and
search.
• Representative of symbolism: inference, including symbolic
inference and machine inference
 Three Major Schools of Thought:
Connectionism
• Basic thoughts
– The basis of thinking is neurons rather than the process of symbol processing.
– Human brains vary from computers. A computer working mode based on connectionism is proposed
to replace the computer working mode based on symbolic operation.

• Representative of connectionism: neural

networks and deep learning
Three Major Schools of Thought: Behaviorism

• Basic thoughts:
– Intelligence depends on perception and action. The perception-action mode
of intelligent behavior is proposed.
– Intelligence requires no knowledge, representation, or inference. AI can
evolve like human intelligence. Intelligent behavior can only be
demonstrated in the real world through the constant interaction with the
surrounding environment.
• Representative of behaviorism: behavior control, adaptation, and
evolutionary computing
 Brief Development History of AI

2016 March: AlphaG o

defeated t he world
2014: Microsoft champion Go player Lee
released the first Sedol by 4-1.
1997: Deep B lue individual intelligent
1985: Decision-
defeated t he world assistant Microsf t
1956: AI was proposed at making tree
1976: Due to failure chess champion Cortana in the world.
the Dartmouth Conference. models with
of projects such as Garry K asparov.
better
machine t ranslat ion
visualization 2006: Hinton and his
and negat ive impact
ef fect and multi- students st arted deep
of some academic
layer ANNs learning.
reports, the f und for
which broke
AI was decreased 2017 October: The Deep
through t he limit
in general. Mind team released
of early
percept ron. AlphaG o Zero, the
1987: The 2010: The
1959: Arthur Samuel strongest version of
market of LIS P era of big
proposed machine AlphaG o.
machines data
learning.
collapsed. came.

1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s 2020s

1956-1976 1997-2010
First period of boom Period of recovery
The concept and development target 1976-1982 1982-1987 Computing perf ormance
2010-
of AI were determined at t he First period of Second period was improved and Internet
1987-1997 Period of rapid growth
Dartmouth conf erence. low ebb of boom technologies got
Second period of low New-generation
AI suff ered from Expert syst em popularized quickly.
ebb information technologies
quest ioning and capable of logic Technical f ields f aced triggered transformation of
crit icism due to rule inference bottlenecks, people information environment
insufficient and answering on longer focused on and dat a basis. Multi-
computing quest ions of abstract inference, model data such as
capabilities, high specific fields and models based on massive images, voices,
computing went popular symbol processing and texts emerged
complexity, and and fifth- were rejected. continuously. Computing
great difficulty of generation capabilities were improved.
inference computers
realization. developed.
 Overview of AI Technologies
• AI technologies are multi-layered, covering the application,
algorithm mechanism, toolchain, device, chip, process, and
material layers.

Application

Algorithm

Device

Chip

Process
 Types of AI
• Strong AI
– The strong AI view holds that it is possible to create intelligent machines that
can really reason and solve problems. Such machines are considered to be
conscious and self-aware, can independently think about problems and work
out optimal solutions to problems, have their own system of values and
world views, and have all the same instincts as living things, such as survival
and security needs. It can be regarded as a new civilization in a certain
sense.
• Weak AI
– The weak AI view holds that intelligent machines cannot really reason and
solve problems. These machines only look intelligent, but do not have real
intelligence or self-awareness.
 Classification of Intelligent Robots
• Currently, there is no unified definition of AI research. Intelligent
robots are generally classified into the following four
approaches/types:
– "Thinking like human beings": weak AI, such as Watson and AlphaGo
– "Acting like human beings": weak AI, such as humanoid robot, iRobot, and
Atlas of Boston Dynamics
– "Thinking rationally": strong AI (Currently, no intelligent robots of this type
have been created due to the bottleneck in brain science.)
– "Acting rationally": strong AI
 Branches of Artificial Intelligence
• AI can be broadly divided into several categories.
Among them are:
– Deduction, reasoning, problem solving
– Knowledge representation
– Natural language processing
– Motion and manipulation
– Perception
– Search & Optimization
– Creativity
– General intelligence
 Deduction, Reasoning & Problem
Solving
• This branch is concerned with the development
of algorithms that imitate the step-by-step
reasoning that humans use when they solve
• puzzles or make logical deductions.
Human beings solve most of their problems
• using
fast, intuitive judgments.
Neural net research attempts to simulate the
structures inside human and animal brains that
give rise to this skill; statistical approaches to AI
mimic the probabilistic nature of the human
Example: Deep Blue vs. Garry Kasparov
Example: Deep Blue vs. Garry Kasparov
• Round 1 (1996): IBM Deep Blue became the
first machine to win a chess game against a
reigning world champion under regular time
controls. However, Kasparov won three and
drew two of the following five games, beating
Deep Blue by a score of 4–2 (wins count 1
point, draws count ½ point).
Example: Deep Blue vs. Garry Kasparov
• Round 2 (1997): Deep Blue was then heavily
upgraded and played Kasparov again. Deep
Blue won the six-game rematch 3½–2½. Deep
Blue won the deciding game six after Kasparov
made a mistake in the opening, becoming the
first computer system to defeat a reigning
world champion in a match under standard
chess tournament time controls.
Example: Deep Blue vs. Garry Kasparov
• The evaluation function had been split into 8,000 parts,
many of them designed for special positions.
• In the opening book there were over 4,000 positions
and 700,000 grandmaster games. The endgame
database contained many six piece endgames and five
or fewer piece positions.
•
Before the second match, the chess knowledge of the
program was fine tuned by grandmaster Joel Benjamin.
The opening library was provided by grandmasters
Miguel Illescas, John Fedorowicz, and Nick de Firmian.
 Knowledge Representation &
Engineering
• This branch is concerned with representing
knowledge about the world (environment)
and integrating this knowledge into computer
systems to solve complex problems normally
requiring a high level of human expertise.
• Example research fields in this area are Expert
Systems and Ontology.
 Example: Expert Systems
• An expert system is a computer system that emulates
the decision-making ability of a human expert.
• Expert systems are designed to solve complex
problems by reasoning about knowledge, like an
expert, and not by following the procedure of a
developer as is the case in conventional
programming.
• Expert Systems are developed by interviewing
experts regarding their knowledge problem-solving
methodology, then embedding the knowledge in the
form of IF..THEN rules.
RULE 1
IF animal has hair THEN specie is mammal
RULE 2
IF animal gives milk THEN specie is mammal
RULE 3
IF animal eats meat THEN specie is carnivore
RULE 4
IF animal has pointed teeth AND has claws AND has forward eyes THEN specie
is carnivore
RULE 5
IF specie is mammal AND animal has hooves THEN specie is ungulate
RULE 6
IF specie is mammal AND animal chews cud THEN specie is ungulate
RULE 7
IF specie is mammal AND is carnivore AND animal has tawny colour AND has
dark spots THEN animal is cheetah
RULE 8
IF animal has tawny colour AND has black stripes AND specie is mamrr.al AND
is carnivore THEN animal is tiger
RULE 9 IF animal has dark spots AND I has long neck AND specie is ungulate THEN
animal is giraffe
RULE 10 IF animal has black stripes AND specie is ungulate THEN " animal is zebra
 Example: Google Search
• Google was founded by two Stanford
University
• postgraduates, Sergey Brin and Larry Page. a
Google's rise to success was in large part due to
rank web algorithm
patented pages thatcalled
matchPageRank
a given search string.
that helps
• The PageRank algorithm instead analyzes
human- generated links assuming that web
pages linked from many important pages are
themselves likely to be important.
 Example: Google Search
• In addition to PageRank, Google, over the
years, has added many other secret for
criteria determining the ranking of pages
on result lists, reported to be over 250
different indicators, the specifics of which
are kept secret to keep spammers at bay
and helpmaintain an edge over its competitors
Google
globally.
Example: Google Search
 Machine Learning
• Machine learning is a branch of Artificial
Intelligence concerned with giving computers the
ability to learn without being explicitly
programmed.
• This involves the design and development of
algorithms that take as input empirical data, such
as that from sensors or databases, and yield
patterns or predictions thought to be features of
the underlying mechanism that generated the
data.
 Machine Learning
• The research focuses on the design of
algorithms that recognize complex patterns
and make intelligent decisions based on
input data.
• Neural networks are the most common
example.
 Example: Optical Character
Recognition
• OCR is an electronic
conversion method for
scanned images of
• handwritten, typewritten
or printed text into machine-
encoded text.
• It is a common method of digitizing printed
texts so that they can be electronically
searched and stored.
OCR is a field of research in pattern
 Natural Language Processing
• This branch is concerned with processing and
interpreting the meaning of spoken / written
sentences / words.
• The spoken sentences / words can then be
used to produce a desired response from the
computer.
 Example: Apple Siri
Siri is designed to do as
much learning as
possible offline, right on
your device. Searches
and requests are not
associated with your
identity — so your
personal information
isn’t gathered to sell to
advertisers or other
organizations. And end-
to-end encryption
ensures that data synced
between your devices
can’t be accessed, even
by Apple.

Siri can make calls or send texts for you whether you are driving, have your hands full, or are
simply on the go.1 It also offers proactive suggestions — like texting someone that you’re
running late for a meeting — so you can stay in touch effortlessly. https://www.apple.com/siri
 Perception & Machine Vision
• Machine vision is the process of applying a range
of technologies and methods to provide imaging-
based automatic inspection, process control and
robot guidance in industrial applications.
•
Generally involves the use of sensors (for
example
digital images, X-Ray, IR, UV, laser scan,
ultrasonics) to receive signals representative of
the image of a real scene, coupled with
computer
systems or other signal-processing devices to
 Examples: Face Detection
(Sony DSC-WX1)

Sony's Face Detection Technology will

automatically adjust the focus, exposure,
white balance and even flash control on
multiple faces in the single shot.
 Social Intelligence
• Social intelligence (or affective
computing) is the study and
development of systems and devices
that can recognize, interpret,
• process, and simulate human affects
(emotions).
• It is an interdisciplinary field spanning computer
sciences, psychology, and cognitive science.
Its main objective is to create machines /
computers that have a sense of empathy (ability
to predict the emotional state of humans).
 Example: Kismet
• The Kismet robot was made made by Cynthia
Breazeal from the Massachusetts Institute of
Technology (MIT).
• The robot's auditory, visual and expressive
systems were intended to allow it to
participate in human social interaction and
to demonstrate simulated human emotion
and appearance. Video here
 Creativity
• Computational creativity is a
multidisciplinary field
• combining the fields of artificial
intelligence, cognitive
• psychology, philosophy, and the
arts.
The objective of computational creativity is to model,
– to construct
simulate a program
or replicate or computer
creativity usingcapable of human-
a computer.
level creativity
– to better understand human creativity and to
This is done to achieve one of several ends:
formulate an
algorithmic perspective on creative behavior in humans
to design programs that can enhance human creativity
 General Intelligence
• Also known as AI-strong or AI-complete.
• This branch attempts to integrate all the
various AI methods/research/theories into a
complete form of intelligence similar to
humans.
• Still a long way ahead…
 Advantages of AI
• The advantages of AI are mainly derived from
switching tasks that are usually performed by
humans to machines. The advantages include:
– Cost reduction: an automated AI system is able to
perform 24/7 everyday and only need to be purchased
once. In some cases, the acquisition cost may be less
than paying the salary of employees.
– Productivity: a good AI system may be able to replace
several workers performing the same task with
additional automation.
 Advantages of AI
– Safety: A worker may experience stress, panic or
tiredness. In some cases, this may lead to in
accidents
the workplace. An AI system is never affected by
human emotions and states, thus maintaining high
–
levels of safety.
Operational security: A highly skilled worker may
retire or decide to leave for another company. The
worker’s departure may significantly affect the
system doesn’t
operational experience
security of the this, therefore maintaining
plant/company. An AI
high levels of operational security for the company.
 Conclusions
• Intelligence is what makes us human.
• AI is a research field with the objective of
mimicking the intelligence in humans and
embedding them in computers and machines.
• There are many branches of AI, each of the tries
to represent different parts of human intelligence
into machines.
• It is an interesting and constantly evolving
research field, with many of them being part of
everyday lives.
 Tutorial
• List and describe five examples of human
intelligence in our everyday lives.
• Some applications of Artificial Intelligence has
been adopted for consumer devices and
products. Do some research online. List and
describe five examples of AI applications that
you have found.