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Database Management System (DBMS)

CSC403

Subject Incharge
Dr. Kavita Sonawane
Professor
email: [email protected]

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Unit 1

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Unit 1

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Unit 1

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Unit 1

Introduction Database Concepts

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What is Data?
Data can be facts related to any object in consideration.

For example,
Name of person, age, height, weight, etc. are some data
related to person.
A picture, image, file, pdf, etc. can also be considered data.

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What is Database?
• A database is an systematic collection of data, so that it can be
easily accessed and managed.
• The main purpose of the database is to operate a large amount
of information by storing, retrieving, and managing data.

Example:
1. An online telephone directory uses a database to store data
of people, phone numbers, and other contact details.
2. Electricity service provider uses a database to manage billing,
client-related issues, handle fault data, etc.

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 • Facebook- It needs to store, manipulate, and
present data related to members, their friends,
member activities, messages, advertisements, and
a lot more.

• There are many databases

available like MySQL, Sybase, Oracle,
MongoDB, Informix, PostgreSQL, SQL
Server, etc.
• Modern databases are managed by the
database management system (DBMS).

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Types of Databases
1. Centralized database:

• A centralized database is stored at a single location such as

a mainframe computer.
• It is maintained and modified from that location only and
usually accessed using an internet connection such as a LAN
or WAN.
• The centralized database is used by organizations such as
colleges, companies, banks etc.

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2. Distributed databases:

• A distributed database is basically a database that is not

limited to one system, it is spread over different sites, i.e, on
multiple computers or over a network of computers.
• A distributed database is a collection of multiple
interconnected databases, which are spread physically
across various locations that communicate via a computer
network.
• In this type of database system, the data is not in one place
and is distributed at various organizations.

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What is a Database Management System

(DBMS)?

• Database Management System (DBMS) is a collection of

programs that enable its users to access databases,
manipulate data and represent data.
• It also helps to control access to the database.
• Database Management Systems had been first
implemented in the 1960s.
• Charles Bachman’s Integrated Data Store (IDS) is said to be
the first DBMS in history.
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Characteristics of databases

1. Relation-based tables − DBMS allows entities and

among them to form tables. A user can understand the
architecture of a database just by looking at the table
names.

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2. Less redundancy − DBMS follows the rules of

normalization, which splits a relation when any of its
attributes is having redundancy in values.

3. Consistency − Consistency is a state where every

relation in a database remains consistent. A DBMS can
provide greater consistency as compared to earlier forms of
data storing applications.

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4. Query Language − DBMS is equipped with query language, which

makes it more efficient to retrieve and manipulate data. A user can apply
as many and as different filtering options as required to retrieve a set of
data.

5. ACID Properties − DBMS follows the concepts

of Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, and Durability .These concepts are
applied on transactions, which manipulate data in a database. ACID
properties help the database stay healthy in multi-transactional
environments and in case of failure.

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6. Multiuser and Concurrent Access − DBMS supports multi-

user environment and allows them to access and manipulate
data in parallel.
7. Security − DBMS offers methods to impose constraints while
entering data into the database and retrieving the same at a later
stage. DBMS offers many different levels of security features,
which enables multiple users to have different views with
different features. For example, a user in the Sales department
cannot see the data that belongs to the Purchase department.
Additionally, it can also be managed how much data of the Sales
department should be displayed to the user.

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Quiz Time
1. What is the full form of DBMS?
a) Data of Binary Management System
b) Database Management System
c) Database Management Service
d) Data Backup Management System
2. What is a database?
a) Organized collection of information that cannot be
accessed, updated, and managed
b) Collection of data or information without
organizing
c) Organized collection of data or information that
can be accessed, updated, and managed
d) Organized collection of data that cannot be
updated
3. Who created the first DBMS?

a) Edgar Frank Codd

b) Charles Bachman
c) Charles Babbage
d) Sharon B. Codd
4.Which of the following is not an example of DBMS?
a) MySQL
b) MongoDB
c) IBM DB2
d) Google
5. Which of the following is not a feature of
DBMS?
a) Minimum Duplication and Redundancy
of Data
b) High Level of Security
c) Single-user Access only
d) Support ACID Property
File system vs DBMS
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Application of DBMS

• Banking: all transactions

• Airlines: reservations, schedules
• Universities: registration, grades
• Sales: customers, products, purchases
• Online retailers: order tracking, customized
recommendations
• Manufacturing: production, inventory, orders,
supply chain
• Human resources: employee records, salaries, tax
deductions
Overall system structure
Database Management System Internals
1. Database Users
2. Storage management
3. Query processing
The design of Database System must include the
considerations of the interface between the database system
and the operating system.

Functional Components of a database system are:

1. Query Processor Components

DML compiler: Translates DML statements into low level
instructions that query evaluation engine can understand.
DDL interpreter : interprets DDL statements and records
them in a set of tables containing metadata.
Query Evaluation Engine: Executes low-level instructions
generated by DML compiler
2.Storage Manger Components

Authorization & Integrity Manager: Test satisfaction of

integrity constraints and checks authority of users to access
data.

Transaction Manager: Ensures that the database remains in a

consistent state despite the system failures, and concurrent
transaction execution without confliction.

File Manager: Manages the allocation of space on disk storage

and data structures used to represent information.

Buffer Manager: Responsible for fetching data from disk

storage into main memory and decide what data to cache in
memory.
In addition , several data structures are required as part of
physical system implementation

Data Files : which stores the database itself

Data Dictionary : which stores metadata about the structure

of the database.

Indices : which provide fast access to data items that hold

particular values.

Statistical Data: which stores statistical information about the

data in the database. This info is used by query processor to
select efficient ways to execute a query .
Database Users
1. Database administrators
2. Naïve users
3. Application programmers
4. Sophisticated users
5. Specialized users
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Data Abstraction

Data Abstraction is a process of hiding unwanted or irrelevant

details from the end user.

The database systems consist of complicated data structures and

relations. For users to access the data easily, these complications
are kept hidden, and only the relevant part of the database is made
accessible to the users through data abstraction.

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Levels of abstraction for DBMS

Mainly there are three levels of abstraction for

DBMS, which are as follows −

1. Physical or Internal Level

2. Logical or Conceptual Level
3. View or External Level

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1.Physical or Internal Level

It is the lowest level of abstraction for DBMS which defines how the
data is actually stored, it defines data-structures to store data and
access methods used by the database. Actually, it is decided by
developers or database application programmers how to store the
data in the database.
So, overall, the entire database is described in this level that is
physical or internal level. It is a very complex level to understand.

For example, customer's information is stored in tables and data is

stored in the form of blocks of storage such as bytes, gigabytes etc.

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2. Logical or Conceptual Level

Logical level is the intermediate level or next higher level. It

describes what data is stored in the database and what relationship
exists among those data. It tries to describe the entire or whole data
because it describes what tables to be created and what are the links
among those tables that are created.
It is less complex than the physical level. Logical level is used by
developers or database administrators (DBA). So, overall, the logical
level contains tables (fields and attributes) and relationships among
table attributes.

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3.View or External Level

It is the highest level. In view level, there are different levels of views
and every view only defines a part of the entire data. It also simplifies
interaction with the user and it provides many views or multiple views
of the same database.
View level can be used by all users (all levels' users). This level is
the least complex and easy to understand.
For example, a user can interact with a system using GUI that is view
level and can enter details at GUI or screen and the user does not
know how data is stored and what data is stored, this detail is hidden
from the user.

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Data Independence

Data Independence is defined as a property of DBMS that

helps you to change the Database schema at one level of a
database system without requiring to change the schema at
the next higher level.

Types of Data Independence

In DBMS there are two types of data independence

1.Physical data independence

2.Logical data independence.
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Levels of Database
1.Physical/Internal
2.Conceptual
3.External

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Consider an Example of a University Database. At the different levels this

is how the implementation will look like:

Type of Schema Implementation

View 1: Course info(cid:int,cname:string)

External Schema
View 2: studeninfo(id:int. name:string)

Students(id: int, name: string, login: string, age: integer)

Conceptual Shema Courses(id: int, cname:string, credits:integer)
Enrolled(id: int, grade:string)

Physical Schema •Relations stored as unordered files.

•Index on the first column of Students.

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Physical Data Independence

Physical data independence refers to the ability to change the

data’s physical structure without affecting the conceptual level.

Physical changes include using a new storage device or moving

the database’s location, changing the data structure, or altering
indexes to speed up data retrieval.

Example: The patient database could be moved from drive C to

drive D, but the conceptual schema and external views remain
unchanged because of physical data independence.

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Logical Data Independence

Logical data independence, on the other hand, allows users

to change the conceptual schema without changing the
external views.

For example, the hospital billing department could add a

column to the database table for each patient’s insurance
policy number. Having logical data independence means
that the view of the food services department and other
users are not changed even though modifications were
made to the conceptual level.

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Due to Logical independence, any of the below

change will not affect the external layer.

1.Add/Modify/Delete a new attribute, entity or

relationship is possible without a rewrite of existing
application programs
2.Merging two records into one
3.Breaking an existing record into two or more
records

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Quiz Time
1. With DBMS , Multiple user can access the same
data at a same time

A.True
B.False
2. __________is a process of hiding unwanted
or irrelevant details from the end user.

A. Data Abstraction
B. Data Independence
C. Data Restoration
D. Data Cleaning
3. Physical changes does not include_____

A. using a new storage device

B. moving the database’s location
C. changing the data structure
D. Merging two records into one
4. Logical data independence, allows users
to change the conceptual schema without
changing the _____

A. External views
B. Conceptual views
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Database Administrator (DBA)

A Database Administrator (DBA) is individual
or person responsible for controlling,
maintenance, coordinating, and operation of
database management system.

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Types of Database Administrator (DBA) :

• Administrative DBA –
Their job is to maintain server and keep it
functional. They are concerned with data backups,
security, trouble shooting, replication, migration
etc.
• Data Warehouse DBA –
-Accountable for merging data from various sources
into data warehouse. They also design warehouse,
with cleaning and scrubs data prior to loading.
• Development DBA –
They build and develop queries that meets firm or
organization needs.
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• Application DBA –
They particularly manages all requirements of
application components that interact with
database and accomplish activities such as
application installation and coordinating,
application upgrades, database cloning, data
load process management, etc.
• Architect –
They are held responsible for designing schemas
like building tables. They work to build structure
that meets organization needs. The design is
further used by developers and development
DBAs to design and implement real application.

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Role and Duties of Database

Administrator (DBA) :

• Decides hardware –
They decides economical hardware, based upon cost,
performance and efficiency of hardware, and best suits
organization. It is hardware which is interface between end
users and database.

• Manages data integrity and security –

Data integrity need to be checked and managed accurately
as it protects and restricts data from unauthorized use. DBA
eyes on relationship within data to maintain data integrity.

• Database design –
DBA is held responsible and accountable for database design
,integrity and security control.
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• Database implementation –
DBA implements DBMS and checks database
loading at time of its implementation.

• Query processing performance –

DBA enhances query processing

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Q.1 A Database Administrator is individual or

person responsible for controlling, maintenance,
coordinating, and operation of database
management system.

A. True
B. False

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Q.2

In which of the following architecture client, server, and Database all

reside on the same machine.

A. 1 Tier
B. 2 Tier
C. 3 Tier

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Thank you …

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