DSB-SC

Double Side Band Suppressed

Carrier

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 Out of 100% modulation, about 67% of the
total power is required for transmitting the
carrier which does not contain any
information. So carrier is eliminated.
 The carrier of “standard” DSBFC AM does
not convey any information.
 It remains constant in amplitude and
frequency, no matter what the modulating
voltage does.

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• The two sidebands are images of each other.
• The ratio of total power to carrier power is given
by (1+m2/2):1.
• If carrier is suppressed only sideband power
remains, which is only Pc(m2/2), a two-third
saving is effected 100% modulation, and even
more is saved as depth of modulation is reduced.

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 Although the modulated signal is centered at
frequency fc, there is no component at the
carrier frequency. Therefore this type of
amplitude modulation is referred to as
suppressed carrier modulation.
 Since there are two sidebands the full name for
this type of amplitude modulation is Double
Side Band Suppressed Carrier modulation
(DSB-SC or just DSB).

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 Double Sideband Suppressed Carrier
(DSBSC)
• Assume that we have a message signal m(t) with
bandwidth 2 B rad/s (or B Hz). m(t)  M().

• Let c(t) be a carrier signal, c(t) = cos(ct), c >> 2B

• gDSBSC (t) = m(t)cos(ct)

m(t) X gDSBSC(t)

c(t)

DSBSC Modulator (transmitter)

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 DSB signal when m(t) = cos(2πfmt)
DSB-SC output s (t ) m(t ) cos(2f ct )
Spectrum of s (t ) cos(2 f mt )cos(2 f ct )
1
  cos(2 ( f c  f m )t )  cos(2 ( f c  f m )t ) 
2
1
4

f
 fc 0 fc
fc  f m fc  f m
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 DSB-SC - Waveforms

Mixer
(Multiplier)

B = 2m

Notice: No carrier frequency

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Double sideband (DSB) Modulation

Because the modulated signal contains two

sidebands, each of width fm, it follows that the
bandwidth of the DSB modulated signal is
twice that of the original baseband signal.

8
 DSB Signal Waveform
The time domain representation of a DSB-SC signal for
a single sinusoidal modulating signal is shown below.

s (t ) cos(2f mt ) cos(2f c t )
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 DSB Signal Waveform
The phase of the carrier is reversed when the
modulating signal, goes through zero, therefore
the relative phase of the carrier indicates the
polarity of the modulating signal. However, it is
not possible to identify the absolute phase of the
modulating signal without a knowledge of the
absolute phase of the original carrier.

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 Generation of DSB-SC signal
For generation of DSB-SC signal, two types of
modulators are used:
Balanced modulator
Ring modulator

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 Balanced Modulator using Diodes
The Balanced Modulator uses two diodes. A baseband
signal is applied to the two diodes through a centre tapped
transformer with a carrier signal cosωct.
The output current is composed by the two input currents, produced by the
excitation of the nonlinear elements with a voltage consisting of the sum of the
modulating signal and the carrier.

D1

D2

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 13
The expression for DSB-SC
 Ring Modulator

 In this circuit, four diodes are connected in the

form of a ring, in which all the diodes point in
the same direction.
 All the four diodes are controlled by a square
wave carrier signal c(t) of frequency ‘fc’ applied
through a centre tapped transformer.

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The diodes act as switches to produce the effect of
multiplication of the signal m{t) by a square wave.

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 Operating Principle
 When diodes are ideal and transformers are
perfectly balanced, the two outer diodes are
switched on if the carrier signal is positive
whereas the two inner diodes are switched off
and thus presenting very high impedance.
 In this condition the modulator D1
a b

modulates the modulating signal

x(t) by +1.
c d
D3

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 When the carrier signal is negative, the
situation becomes reversed. Here the
modulator multiplies the modulating signal by
-1.
 Hence the ring modulator is a product
modulator for a square wave
a b

carrier and modulating signal. D4

D2
c d

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The square wave carrier may be reproduced in
the Fourier series as:

4 ( 1) n  1
c(t )  
 n 1 2n  1
{cos[2f c t (2n  1)]}

We have s (t )  x(t )c(t )


Therefore, s (t )  x(t )
4 ( 1) n  1

 n 1 2n  1
{cos[ 2f c t (2n  1)]}


4 ( 1) n  1
s (t )  
 n 1 2n  1
{cos[2f c (2n  1)]}x(t )

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Above expression shows that the output from
the ring modulator does not have any
component at the carrier frequency. Hence, the
modulated output contains only the product
terms.
A ring modulator is also known as double
balanced modulator, since it is balanced with
respect to the baseband signal as well as the
square wave carrier signal.

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The frequency spectrum of the ring modulator
output contains sidebands around each of the odd
harmonics of the square wave carrier.
Baseband signal is assumed to be bandlimited to
–fm < f <fm . The desired sideband around the
carrier frequency fc may be selected by using a
BPF having a centre frequency S(f)

ωc and bandwidth 2fm,

fc > fm to avoid
overlapping.
-3fc -fc fc 3fc

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 Recovery of the Baseband Signal

Since frequency translation can be achieved by

multiplication, we can recover the baseband
signal by multiplying the DSB-SC signal by a
carrier signal generated at the receiver, called
the local carrier. The process is called
synchronous demodulation or synchronous
detection.

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 Demodulation of DSBSC
• The modulator circuits can be used for demodulation,
by replacing the BPF by a LPF of bandwidth B Hz.
• The receiver must generate a carrier frequency in
phase and frequency synchronization with the
incoming carrier.
• This type of demodulation is therefore called
coherent demodulation (or detection).
e(t) HLPF()
gDSBSC(t) X BW = 2B
f(t)

c(t)

DSBSC Demodulator (receiver) 22

 DSB-SC - Detection
• Synchronous detection v(t )  12 m(t )
Low
DSB-SC
Multiplier pass
filter Message signal

Local oscillator y (t ) [m(t ) cos c t ]  cos c t

c(t) = cos ct
y (t ) m(t ) 12 [1  cos 2c t ]
 12 m(t )  12 m(t ) cos 2c t
Condition:
•Local oscillator has the same information high frequency
frequency and phase as that of the
carrier signal at the transmitter. Low pass filter
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m 2c-m 2c+m
 DSBSC Demodulation
e(t) HLPF()
gDSBSC(t) X BW = 2B
f(t)

c(t)

DSBSC Demodulator (receiver)

e (t )  g DSBSC (t ).cos(ct )
 m(t ).cos 2(ct )
 (1/ 2) m(t ) [1 + cos(2ct )]
 (1/ 2) m(t )  (1/ 2) m(t ) cos(2ct )
E ( )  (1/ 2) M ( )  (1/ 4) [ M (  2c )  M (  2c )].
The output signal f (t ) of the LPF will be
f (t )  (1/ 2) m(t )  (1/ 2) M ( ). 24
 Recovery of the Baseband Signal
The result is the original baseband signal
spectrum plus a component centered at 2fc,
which is called the twice carrier component.
This component can be removed using a low
pass filter at the receiver, leaving only the
original baseband signal.

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 DSB Signal Spectrum
Consider a double sided baseband signal
spectrum with a maximum frequency
component, fm, as follows:

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 DSB Signal Spectrum
When this signal is used to produce DSB-SC modulation, the spectrum is as follows:

It can be seen that the bandwidth of a DSB signal is referred to as the upper sideband
and the lower sideband.
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 Recovery of the Baseband Signal
The above situation is based on the assumption
that we can generate a local carrier which has
exactly the same frequency and phase as the
carrier used for transmission, but in practice
there will be both frequency error and phase
error between the transmitter carrier and local
carrier. These errors have a serious effect on
the demodulation of DSB-SC signals.

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The effect of frequency and phase errors
in DSB-SC

Consider that the local carrier has a small frequency

error, ω, and a small phase error, θ. The recovered
signal at the receiver is then of the form:

m(t ) cos( c t ) cos[( c   )t   ]

1
 m(t ){[cos(  )t   ]  cos[( 2 c   )t   ]}
2

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The effect of frequency and phase errors
in DSB-SC

The twice carrier component is removed by the

low pass filter at the receiver end

1
e(t )  m(t ) cos[( )t   ]
2

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(1) For zero frequency error (ω=0), and only phase error
(θ≠0) we have :
1
e(t )  m(t ) cos( )
2
The phase error in the local carrier will affect the
amplitude of the recovered signal. If the phase error is +/-
90 then the received signal will vanish completely.
There is no distortion rather there is only
attenuation. Output is maximum θ=00 and minimum if
θ=900.
Detected output is zero when θ=900. This is called a
“Quadrature Null Effect”, signal is zero when the
local carrier is in phase quadrature with the
transmitted carrier. 31
 DSB-SC - Synchronous Detection
v(t )  12 m(t ) cos 
- Phase error
Low
DSB-SC Message signal
Multiplier pass
filter

Local oscillator y (t ) [m(t ) cos c t ]  cos (c t  )

c(t) = cos(ct+)
y (t ) m(t ) 12 cos (2c t  )  m(t ) 12 cos ( )
m(t ) 12 cos   m(t ) 12 cos (2c t  )
Condition:
•Local oscillator has the same information high frequency
frequency but different phase
compared to carrier signal at the Low pass filter
transmitter.
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m 2c-m 2c+m
(2) For zero phase error (θ=0), and only frequency
error we have
1
e(t )  m(t ) cos[(  )t ]
2

Therefore, frequency error in the local carrier will cause

the amplitude of the recovered signal to fluctuate at the
relatively low frequency, ω. This cause undesirable
distortion to the baseband signal.

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 DSB-SC - Synchronous Detection
- Frequency error v(t )  12 m(t ) cos 

Low
DSB-SC Message signal
Multiplier pass
filter

Local oscillator y (t ) [m(t ) cos c t ]  cos (c t  )

c(t)=Eccos(ct+)
y (t ) m(t ) 12 cos (2c t  )  m(t ) 12 cos ( )
m(t ) 12 cos   m(t ) 12 cos (2c t  )
Condition:
•Local oscillator has the same information high frequency
phase but different frequency
compared to carrier signal at the Low pass filter
transmitter.
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m 2c-m 2c+m
(3) For zero phase error (θ =0) and for zero
frequency error (ω=0)

1
e(t )  m(t )
2
yields no distortion in detected output.

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(4) For both the frequency and phase errors ,
 0 and  0
constant phase error provides attenuation and
frequency error causes distortion in the
detected output.

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 Synchronization Techniques
• Costa’s Receiver
• Squaring loop

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 DSBSC-Summary
 Advantages:
 Lower power consumption
 Disadvantages:
 Complex detection.
 Less information about the carrier will be delivered to the
receiver.
 Needs a coherent detector at the carrier.
 Applications:
 Analogue TV systems: to transmit colour information.
 For transmitting stereo information in FM sound broadcast
at VHF.
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