• Creating and accessing
list
• List Operations
• Working with list
• List functions and Methods
• Is a container that are used to store a list of values of any type
• List is mutable type i.e. we can change value in place without
creating a fresh list
• List is a type of sequence like tuples and string but in differs
them in the way that lists are mutable but string and tuples are
immutable
• List are created using SQUARE BRACKETS ( [ ] )
• Some of the examples of lists are :
•[] # empty list
• [1,2,3 # list of
• ][10,20,13.75,100.5,90[ integers
# list of integers and
float
•• [“red”,”green”,”blue”] # list #
[“E001”,”Rakesh”,1,90000.5] of list
string
of mixed
• [„A‟, „B‟, „C‟] value # list of
characters
• To create a list the following syntax we need to follow:
• ListName = [ ] Or
• ListName = [ value1, value2,…..]
• For example
• Family = [“father”,”mother”,”bro”,”sis”]
• Student = [1,”Aman”,”XI”,3150]
• Consider more examples
• EMPTY LIST
• L = [ ] Or
• L = list()
• We can use the following
syntax:
• ListName = list(sequence)
• For example (with string)
• L1 = list("welcome‟)
• >>>L1
• ["w‟,‟e‟,‟l‟,‟c‟,‟o‟,‟m‟,‟e‟]
• We can also create list of single characters or single digits
through keyboard input:
For example:
>>> list1 = list(input("Enter list elements‟))
>>> list1
From the above code whatever values we will enter will be of
STRING type. To store list of integers through input in python we
can use eval() to convert the list items to integers
>>> list1 = eval(input(“enter list to be entered”))
>>> print(“list is “, list1)
• eval("5+10‟ 15
)
• Y = eval(“2*5”)
• print(Y) 10
• Num = eval(input(“enter any value “))
• print(Num, type(Num))
• Output will be 20 (if input is 20) and <class "int‟>
• Eval wil not only convert the values to int type but also interpret the
value as intended type i.e. if you enter float value it will convert it to
float or if it is list or tuple it will convert it.
>>> list1 = eval(input(“Enter
valuesenter
>>> :”)) values:
[10,20,30]
>>> list1
[10,20,30
]
• Similarity with strings:
• Just like string, every individual elements of lists are accessed from their
index position which is from 0 to length-1 in forward indexing and from -1
to –length in backward indexing.
• For example
• Fruits = [“mango”,”apple”,”guaua”,”pomegranate”,”cherry”]
• In above list items from mango to cherry are 0 to 4 and from cherry
to mango will be -1 to -5
0 1 2 3 4
Mango Apple Guaua Pomegranate cherr
y
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1
• List elements are accessed just like string like str[2] means
character at 2nd index List1[2] means elements at 2nd index and
List1[1:3] means all items between index 1 to 2
• Another similarities are :
Length : the same len() function we can use on list to find out number of
elements in the list
Indexing and Slicing
Membership operators (in and not in)
Concatenation and replication operators + and
*
• Accessing individual elements:
• >>> a = [1,2,3,4,5] # 2
a[1]
• >>> a[3] #4
• >>> a[-2] #4
• >>> a[5] #
Error
• Although there are many similarities in String and List but there
are many difference between them also and the main
difference is Strings are immutable whereas Lists are mutable
• >>> student = [1,‟Akash‟,‟XIA‟,3150]
• >>> student[3]=6300
• >>> student
• [1,‟Akash‟,‟XIA‟,6300]
• Just like String , We can use “for” loop to traverse the list.
val = [10,20,30,50,100]
for i in val:
print(i)
Program to print list elements along with their index (both +ve,-
ve)
val = [10,20,30,50,100]
length = len(val)
for i in range(length):
print ("At Index ", i," and index ",i-length, 'is :', val[i])
• Python allows us to use all the relational operators on list like ==, >=,<=,!
=,>,<
• Python will compare individual elements of each list.
>>> L1=[1,3,5]
>>> L2=[1,3,5]
>>> L3=[1,5,3]
>>> L1==L2
True
>>> L1==L3
False
>>> L1<L2
False
>>> L1<L3
True
>>> L4=[1,3,6]
>>>L1<L4
True
Comparison Result Reason
[1,2,8,9] <[9,1] True 1<9
[1,2,8,9]<[1,2,9,1] True 8<9
[1,2,8,9]<[1,2,9,10] True 8<9
[1,2,8,9]<[1,2,8,4] False 9<4 is false
• Joining List
• Jointing the 2 list is very easy, we can use (+) to join 2
or
more list
• Fruits=[“apple”,”mango”,”grapes”]
• Veg=[“spinach”,”carrot”,”potato”]
• Fveg
Fve = Fruits
# + Veg
“spinach”,”carrot”,”potato”]
g [“apple”,”mango”,”grapes”,
• Remember: you can only add list with another list not
with int, float, complex, or string type.
• Repeating of Replicating List
• Repeating any list is very easy, we can use (*)
• Fruits=[“apple”,”mango”,”grapes”]
• Fruits*2
#[“apple”,”mango”,”grapes”,“apple”,”mango”,”grapes”]
• String slicing
• Listname[start:End # from start index to end-1
] index
val = [10,20,30,40,1,2,3,100,200]
print(val[0:3])
print(val[3:8])
print(val[-4:-1])
val2 = val[2:-2]
print(val2)
print(val2[0:])
print(val[::-1])
val[5]=101
print(val[-8:-
2])
val = [10,20,30,40,1,2,3,100,200]
print(val[3:50])
print(val[-20:4])
print(val[10:20]
)
Step slicing
in List
val =
[10,20,30,40,1,
2,3,100,200]
print(val[0:9:2])
val = [10,20,30,40,1,2,3,100,200]
print(val[2:9:3]
)
print(val[::3])
print(val[::-2])
items=["One","Two","Three","Four"]
items[0:2]=[1,2]
for i in items:
print(i,end=' ')
items[0:3]="Fantastic"
for i in items:
print(i,e
nd=' ')
>>> items=[1,2,3,4]
>>> items[3:]=“hello”
>>> # [1,2,3,‟h‟,‟e‟,‟l‟,‟l‟,‟o‟], it will work
items because string is also a sequence
But if you try to assign as:
items[3:] = 100 # Error
If we pass index which is more than highest range, then Python will
use next position after the highest index for e.g.
>>> items[100:200]=[111,222]
Python will append these values to the end of list
>>>items [1,2,3,‟h‟,‟e‟,‟l‟,‟l‟,‟o‟,111,222]
• So far we have worked with How the Lists are declared, How to
access individual elements of List, How to perform Slicing and
so on, Now we are going to deal with basic operation on list
like : Appending, Updating, Deleting items from List
• Appending elements to a List : appending means adding new
items to the end of list. To perform this we use append() method
to add single item to the end of the list.
>>> Items = [10,20,30]
>>> Items.append(40)
>>> Items # [10,20,30,40]
• Updating elements of a
list
ListName[index] = new value
Items =
[10,20,30,40]
Items[3] = 100 [10,20,30,100
Items ]
• Deleting items from a List: to delete items from list we will use
del statement. To delete single item give index, and to
delete multiple items use slicing
• Deleting single elements of a list
Items = [10,20,30,40,50,60,70]
del items[2]
Items [10,20,40,50,60,70]
• Deleting multiple elements of a list
• Items = [10,20,30,40,50,60,70]
• del items[0:3]
• Items [40,50,60,70]
• If we use del items then it will delete all the elements and the
list
too i.e. now no list with the name items will exist in python
• We can also use pop() to remove single elements, not list slices.
It not only deletes elements but also returns it. Both del and
pop() are same except pop() deletes and return the deleted
value.
>>>Items = [10,20,30,40,50,60,70]
>>>Items.pop() if no indexis passed last item will be
70 deleted
>>>Items.pop(
2) 30
We can also store
the deleted values
by pop() as:
N1 = items.pop()
N2 =
items.pop(3)
• Sometimes we need to make a copy of a list and we
generally do this by assignment as :
a = [10,20,30]
b= a
But this will not make b as duplicate list of a ; rather just like
python does it will make b to point to where a is pointing i.e.
both will refer to same memory address means b is nothing
but "alias“ of a
>>> a[2]=100
>>>a # 10,20,100
>>>b # 10,20,100
• But if we don‟t want copy like this and we want to modify
each list separately, then we have to use list() to create a
copy of list and both can be modified without affecting
other.
>>>a = [10,20,30]
>>>b =
list(a)
a[2]=100
>>>a
[10,20,100]
>>>b
[10,20,30]
• Python provides many built-in functions and methods for list
manipulation.
• The syntax of using list functions is :
• ListObjectName.functionName()
• There are many list functions like:
• index()
• append()
• extend()
• insert()
• pop()
• remove()
• clear()
• count()
• reverse()
• sort()
• This function is used to get the index of first matched item from
the list. It returns index value of item to search.
• For example
>>> L1=[10,20,30,40,50,20]
>>> L1.index(20)
1 # item first matched at index 1
Note: if we pass any element which is not in the list then index
function will return an error: ValueError: n is not in the list
>>> L1.index(100) #Error
• This function is used to add items to the end of the list.
• For example
>>> family=[“father”,”mother”,”bro”,”sis”]
>>> family.append(“Tommy”)
>>> family
[“father”,”mother”,”bro”,”sis”,”Tomm
y”]
Note: append() funtion will add the new item but not return any value.
Let us understand this:
>>> L1=[10,20,30]
>>> L2=L1.append(40)
>>> L2 # Empty will not store any item of
>>> L1 L1
[10, 20, 30,
40]
• This function is also used for adding multiple items. With extend we
can add only “list” to any list. Single value cannot be added using
extend()
• For example
>>> subject1=["physics","chemistry","IP"]
>>> subject2=["english","maths"]
>>> subject1.extend(subject2)
>>> subject1
['physics', 'chemistry', 'IP', 'english', 'maths']
Note: here subject1 will add the contents of subject2 in it without
effecting subject2
Like append(), extend() also does not return any value.
>>> subject3 = subject1.extend(subject2)
>>>subject3 # Empty
• append() allows to add only 1 items to a list, extend() can add
multiple items to a list.
>>> m1=[1,2,3,4]
>>> m2=[100,200]
>>> m1.append(5)
>>> m1
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
>>> m1.append(6,7)
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<pyshell#16>", line 1, in <module>
m1.append(6,7)
TypeError: append() takes exactly one
argument (2 given)
>>>
m1.append([6,7])
>>>
[1, 2, m1
3, 4, 5, [6, 7]]
>>> len(m1)
6
Now let us
see extend()
function
>>> m2
[100,
200]
>>>
m2.exten
d(300)
Traceback
(most
>>>
m2.extend([300,400])
>>> m2
[100, 200, 300,
400]
>>> len(m2)
4
• This function is used to add elements to list like append() and
extend(). However both append() and extend() insert the element at
the end of the list. But insert() allows us to add new elements
anywhere in the list i.e. at position of our choice.
ListObject.insert(Position,item)
>>> L1=[10,20,30,40,50]
>>> L1
[10, 20, 30, 40, 50]
>>> L1.insert(3,35)
>>> L1
[10, 20, 30, 35, 40, 50]
>>>
>>> L1=[10,20,30,40,50]
>>> L1
[10, 20, 30, 40, 50]
>>> L1.insert(0,5) #beginnin
>>> L1 g
[5,10, 20, 30, 40, 50]
>>> L1.insert(len(L1),100) #las
>>> L1 t
[5,10, 20, 30, 40, 50,100]
>>> L1.insert(-10,2)
>>> L1
[2,5,10, 20, 30, 40, 50,100]
• We have read about this function earlier, it is used to remove item
from list.
ListObject.pop([index]) #if index is not passed last item will be
deleted
>>> L1=[10,20,30,40,50]
>>> L1.pop()
50
>>> val = L1.pop(2)
>>> val
30
>>> L1
[10, 20,
40]
>>>
• The pop() method raises an exception(run time error) if
the list is already empty.
>>> L1= [ ]
>>> L1.pop()
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<pyshell#19>", line 1, in
<module> L1.pop()
IndexError: pop from empty list
pop() function is used to remove element whose position is given, but
what if you know the value to be removed, but you dont know its index or
position in the list? Answer is: remove()
It remove the first occurance of given item from the list and return error if
there is no such item in the list. It will not return any value.
>>> L1.remove(5)
>>> L1
[1, 3, 7, 9, 11, 3, 7]
>>> L1.remove(3)
>>> L1
[1, 7, 9, 11, 3, 7]
>>> L1.remove(10)
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<pyshell#26>", line 1, in <module>
L1.remove(10)
ValueError: list.remove(x),
This function removesall the items from the list and the
list becomes empty list.
List.clear()
>>> L1=[10,20,30,40,50]
>>> L1.clear()
>>> L1
[]
Note: unlike ‘del listname’ statement, clear() will removes only the
elements and not the list. After clear() the list object still exists as an
empty list
This function returns the count of the item that you passed as
an argument. If the given item is not in the list, it returns
zero.
>>> L1=[10,20,30,40,20,30,100]
>>> L1.count(20)
2
>>> L1.count(40)
1
>>> L1.count(11)
0
This function reverses the items in the list. This is done i place
i.e. It wil not create a new list . The syntax to use reverse() is:
>>> L1=[10,20,30,40,20,30,100]
>>> L1.reverse()
>>> L1
[100, 30, 20, 40, 30, 20, 10]
>>> L2=[11,22,33]
>>> L3=L2.reverse() #it will not return any value
>>> #
L3 empty
[]
This function sorts the items ofthe list, by default increasing
order. This is done «in place» i.e. It does not create new list.
>>> L1=[10,1,7,20,8,9,2]
>>> L1.sort()
>>> L1
[1, 2, 7, 8, 9, 10, 20]
>>> L2=['g','e','a','c','b','d']
>>> L2.sort()
>>> L2
['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'g']
>>> L1.sort(reverse=True) # for descending
order
>>>L1
[20, 10, 9, 8, 7, 2, 1]
