+

William Stallings
Computer Organization
and Architecture
10th Edition

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NJ. All rights reserved.
+ Chapter 9
Number Systems
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+
The Decimal System
 System based on decimal digits (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9)
to represent numbers
 For example the number 83 means eight tens plus three:

83 = (8 * 10) + 3
 The number 4728 means four thousands, seven hundreds,
two tens, plus eight:

4728 = (4 * 1000) + (7 * 100) + (2 * 10) + 8

 The decimal system is said to have a base, or radix, of 10.
This means that each digit in the number is multiplied by
10 raised to a power corresponding to that digit’s position:

83 = (8 * 101) + (3 * 100)

4728 = (4 * 103) + (7 * 102) + (2 * 101) + (8 * 100)

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+
Decimal Fractions
 The same principle holds for decimal fractions, but negative
powers of 10 are used. Thus, the decimal fraction 0.256 stands
for 2 tenths plus 5 hundredths plus 6 thousandths:

0.256 = (2 * 10-1) + (5 * 10-2) + (6 * 10-3)

 A number with both an integer and fractional part has digits
raised to both positive and negative powers of 10:

442.256 = (4 * 102) + (4 + 101) + (2 * 100) + (2 * 10-1) + (5 * 10-

2
)

+ (6 * 10-3)
 Most significant digit
 The leftmost digit (carries the highest value)

 Least significant digit

 The rightmost digit
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 Table 9.1
Positional Interpretation of a Decimal Number

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+
Positional Number Systems

 Each number is represented by a string of digits in

which each digit position i has an associated weight ri,
where r is the radix, or base, of the number system.
 The general form of a number in such a system with
radix r is

( . . . a3a2a1a0.a-1a-2a-3 . . . )r

where the value of any digit ai is an integer in the range

0 < ai < r. The dot between a0 and a-1 is called
the radix point.

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 Table 9.2
Positional Interpretation
of a Number in Base 7

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+ The Binary System
 Only two digits, 1 and 0
 Represented to the base 2
 The digits 1 and 0 in binary notation have the same meaning as in
decimal notation:

02 = 010

12 = 110

 To represent larger numbers each digit in a binary number has a value

depending on its position:

102 = (1 * 21) + (0 * 20) = 210

112 = (1 * 21) + (1 * 20) = 310

1002 = (1 * 22) + (0 * 21) + (0 * 20) = 410

and so on. Again, fractional values are represented with negative

powers of the radix:

1001.101 = 23 + 20 + 2-1 + 2-3 = 9.62510

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 + Binary notation to
decimal notation:
 Multiply each binary
digit by the appropriate
power of 2 and add the
results

Decimal notation
to binary notation:
 Integer and fractional
parts are handled
separately

Converting
Between Binary
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and Decimal
 For the integer part, recall that in binary notation, an integer represented by
bm-1bm-2 . . . b2b1b0 bi = 0 or 1

has the value Integer

(bm-1 * 2m-1) + (bm-2 * 2 ) + . . . + (b1 * 21) + b0
s
m-2

Suppose it is required to convert a decimal integer N into binary form. If we

divide N by 2, in the decimal system, and obtain a quotient N1 and a
remainder R0, we may write

N = 2 * N1 + R0 R0 = 0 or 1

Next, we divide the quotient N1 by 2. Assume that the new quotient is N2

and the new remainder R1. Then

N1 = 2 * N2 + R1 R1 = 0 or 1

so that

+ N = 2(2N2 + R1) + R0 = (N2 * 22) + (R1 * 21) + R0

If next

N2 = 2N3 + R2

we have
Continued . . .
N=
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Hoboken, 23)All
+ rights
(R2 *reserved.
22) + (R1 * 21) + R0
 Integer
Because N >N1 > N2 . . . , continuing this
sequence will eventually produce a quotient Nm-1 s
= 1 (except for the decimal integers 0 and 1,
whose binary equivalents are 0 and 1,
respectively) and a remainder Rm-2, which is 0 or
1. Then

N = (1 * 2m-1) + (Rm-2 * 2m-2) + . . . + (R2 * 22) + (R1 * 21)

+ R0

which is the binary form of N. Hence, we convert

+ from base 10 to base 2 by repeated divisions by
2. The remainders and the final quotient, 1, give
us, in order of increasing significance, the binary
digits of N.

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© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc., Hoboken, NJ. All rights reserved.
 notation, a number with a value between 0
and 1 is represented by
0.b-1b-2b-3 . . . bi = 0 or 1
and has the value Fractions
(b-1 * 2-1) + (b-2 * 2-2) + (b-3 * 2-3) . . .
This can be rewritten as
2-1 * (b-1 + 2-1 * (b-2 + 2-1 * (b-3 + . . . ) . . . ))
Suppose we want to convert the number
F (0 < F < 1) from decimal to binary
notation. We
know that F can be expressed in the form
F = 2-1 * (b-1 + 2-1 * (b-2 + 2-1 * (b-3 + . . . ) . .
+
. ))
If we multiply F by 2, we obtain,
2 * F = b-1 + 2-1 * (b-2 + 2-1 * (b-3 + . . . ) . . .
) Continued . . .
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 From this equation, we see that the integer
part of (2 * F), which must be either 0 or 1
because 0 < F < 1, is simply b-1. So
we can say (2 * F) = b-1 + F1, where 0 < F1 < Fractions
1 and where

F1 = 2-1 * (b-2 + 2-1 * (b-3 + 2-1 * (b-4 + . . . ) . . .

))

To find b−2, we repeat the process.

At each step, the fractional part of the
number from the previous step is multiplied
by 2. The digit to the left of the decimal point
in the
product will be 0 or 1 and contributes to the
+binary representation, starting with the
most significant digit. The fractional part of
the product is used as the multiplicand
in the next step.

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 Figure 9.2
Examples of
Converting
from
Decimal Notation
To
Binary Notation
For Fractions

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+
Hexadecimal Notation
 Binary digits are grouped into sets of four bits, called a nibble

 Each possible combination of four binary digits is given a

symbol, as follows:

0000 = 0 0100 = 4 1000 = 8 1100 = C

0001 = 1 0101 = 5 1001 = 9 1101 = D
0010 = 2 0110 = 6 1010 = A 1110 = E
0011 = 3 0111 = 7 1011 = B 1111 = F

 Because 16 symbols are used, the notation is called

hexadecimal and the 16 symbols are the hexadecimal digits
 Thus

2C16 = (216 * 161) + (C16 * 160)

= (2
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc., Hoboken, NJ. 10 * 16 ) + (1210 * 160) = 44
1
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 +

Table 9.3

Decimal,
Binary, and
Hexadecimal

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 Hexadecimal Notation

Not only used for

representing integers
but also as a concise
notation for
representing any Reasons for using
sequence of binary hexadecimal notation
digits are:

In most computers,
binary data occupy It is extremely easy to
It is more compact some multiple of 4 bits, convert between
than binary notation and hence some binary and
multiple of a single hexadecimal notation
hexadecimal digit

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+ Summary
Number Systems

Chapter 9
 Convertingbetween
 The decimal system binary and decimal
 Integers
 Positional number  Fractions
systems
 Hexadecimal
 The binary system
notation

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