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Operating System

The document discusses mass storage structures, including magnetic disks, solid-state disks (SSDs), and magnetic tapes, highlighting their characteristics and importance in data storage. It also covers swap space management, explaining how it functions as an extension of main memory and the types of swap space available. The document emphasizes the significance of efficient swap space management for optimal system performance.

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vishnu
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2 views

Operating System

The document discusses mass storage structures, including magnetic disks, solid-state disks (SSDs), and magnetic tapes, highlighting their characteristics and importance in data storage. It also covers swap space management, explaining how it functions as an extension of main memory and the types of swap space available. The document emphasizes the significance of efficient swap space management for optimal system performance.

Uploaded by

vishnu
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Operating System

VASUNDARA DEGREE &


PG COLLEGE
PRESENTED BY
PU NNA VISHNU PRIYA
MSC (C OMPUTER SCIENCE)
Operating System

MASS STORAGE
STRUCTURE &
SWAP SPACE
MANAGEMENT
Mass Storage
Structure

CONTENTS Magnetic Disk


Solid-State Disks
Magnetic Tape

Swap Space
Management
MASS STORAGE

• Definition: Systems used to store large volumes of data,


including magnetic disks, solid-state disks (SSDs), and
magnetic tapes.
• Importance: Vital for data storage in computers, servers,
and other technology applications.
• Goal: To explore the structure and working principles of
different mass storage technologies
MASS Types of secondary storage:

STORAGE Magnetic Disk(HDD)

Key Characteristics of Mass Storage:


• Capacity: Can store vast amounts of Solid State Disk(SSD)
data, ranging from gigabytes (GB) to
petabytes (PB).
• Persistence: Data is preserved even
when the system is powered off. Magnetic Tape
• Access Speed: Varies by technology,
with some systems offering faster data
transfer rates than others.
• Cost: Typically lower than primary
memory, making it economical for
large-scale data storage.
MAGNETIC DISK
A magnetic disk is a data storage device
that uses magnetic properties to read and
write data.
Key Components:
• Platters: Disk surfaces where data is stored.
• Tracks: Concentric circles on each platter where data is
written.
• Sectors: Subdivisions of tracks that hold a fixed amount of
data, typically 512 bytes.
• Read/Write Heads: Positioned over the platters to read
and write data as the disk spins.
Solid State Disk
A Solid-State Drive (SSD) is a storage device that uses flash
memory to store data, unlike traditional hard drives (HDDs) that
rely on spinning magnetic disks. SSDs have no moving parts,
making them faster, more durable, and less prone to mechanical
failure than HDDs.
Key Features:
• Flash Memory: SSDs use NAND flash memory chips to store
data, which allows for faster data retrieval and write speeds.
• Speed: SSDs offer significantly faster read/write speeds than
magnetic disks, leading to quicker boot times, file transfers, and
overall system performance.
• Durability: Since there are no moving parts, SSDs are more
robust and resistant to physical shocks or vibrations.
• Energy Efficiency: SSDs consume less power compared to
HDDs, making them ideal for laptops and mobile devices.
MAGNETIC TAPE
Magnetic tape is a type of data storage medium that uses a
magnetic coating on a long, narrow strip of plastic film to
store data. It was commonly used for data backup.

Key Features:
• Linear Storage: Data is stored sequentially on the tape, meaning it
must be read or written in a specific order, which can make random
access slower compared to disk-based storage.
• High Capacity: Magnetic tapes can store large amounts of data,
often ranging from hundreds of gigabytes (GB) to several terabytes
(TB) per tape.
• Cost-Effective: They are an affordable solution for long-term
storage and backup, especially for large organizations that need to
store vast amounts of data.
• Durability: Magnetic tape is relatively durable and has a long shelf
life if stored properly.
SWAP SPACE MANAGEMENT

• Swap-space management is a low-level task of the operating


system. Virtual memory uses disk space as an extension of
main memory. Since disk access is much slower than
memory access, using swap space significantly decreases
system performance. The main goal for the design and
implementation of swap space is to provide the best
throughput for the virtual memory system.
WAP SPACE MANAGEMENT

• Swapping in an operating system is a process that moves


data or programs between the computer’s main memory
(RAM) and a secondary storage (usually a hard disk or SSD).
This helps manage the limited space in RAM and allows the
system to run more programs than it could otherwise handle
simultaneously.
• Swap-Space :
The area on the disk where the swapped-out processes are
stored is
called swap space.
Types of Swap Space:
• Swap Partition: A dedicated disk partition used for
swapping.
• Swap File: A file within the filesystem that serves as swap
space.
Swap-Space Location

Swap File (Filesystem-based


Swap)
• Implemented as a large file within the regular filesystem.
• Easy to create, resize, and manage.
• Inefficient due to directory system access and fragmentation
issues.
• Caching block locations can help but doesn't completely
solve inefficiencies.
Swap Partition (Raw Partition
Swap)
• A dedicated partition for swapping, possibly on a separate
or low-usage disk.
• More efficient and faster since the OS has direct control
over it.
• Less fragmentation because swap space is re-initialized on
reboot.

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