Formation of Aretes and a Pyramid Peak

The mountain starts with a rounded shape

Ice wears away the sides of the mountain making it steep
Sharp edge ridges are formed (aretes)
If there are 3 or more aretes a pyramid peak is formed
Melted ice makes corrie lakes
Glaciation Turns a V-Shaped Valley into a U-Shaped Valley

+ The glacier widens and deepens the valley

+ Tributary streams turn into hanging valleys
Glaciation Vocabulary
+ Arete: Sharp edged ridge

+ Corrie: A round hollow area created by

glaciation, often has a lake

+ Pyramid peak: Top of the mountain where 3 or

more aretes meet

+ Truncated spurs: Ridges that have been shortened

or cut off by a moving glacier

+ Hanging valleys: Smaller valleys that have been

eroded less than the main valley

+ Ribbon lakes: Long narrow lakes in the main valley

(looks like a river)
 Types of Jobs
+ Primary: Collect or produce natural
resources from land or sea (farmers,
fishermen, miners etc.)
+ Secondary: Make things from raw
materials or assemble parts into a
finished product (factory
workers, construction workers etc.)
+ Tertiary: Provide a service (teachers,
doctors, actors, salespeople etc.)
+ Quaternary: High tech job that does
research, provides information or
advice (financial advisers, web
designer, research scientist etc.)
 Changes in
Types of Jobs
+ 200 years ago the vast
majority of people worked in
primary industries
+ 100 years ago the majority
of people worked in
secondary industries
+ Today the vast majority of
people work in tertiary
industries
Types of
Agriculture
+ Arable: Growing
crops
+ Pastoral: Raising
animals
+ Mixed: Both crops
and animals are
raised in the same
area
Arable farms need flat land,
fertile soil, sun during
summer, some rain

Cattle farms need flat or

gently sloping land, well
drained land and roads to
access markets

Sheep can graze on steep

land and eat poor quality
grass
 Industrial Farming
• Farming done on a large scale, usually
includes monocropping or heavy growth of
cash crops
• Often run by large corporations
• Cause damage to soils
• Leads to disappearance of small farming operations
• Focus on a few cash crops every year leads to
need for increased use of fertilizers
• Industrial fertilizers made chemically
• Excess fertilizers can pollute water systems
• Excess fertilizers will harm soil health long term
• Industrial farming infrastructure needs:
• Water supply
• Trucking to transport
• Silo facilities for story
• Milling factilities
 Regenerative Farming
• Focused on soil regeneration, biodiversity,
Improving the ecosystem and watershed,
increasing resilience to climate change
• Mixed Use: animals and crops, using both
responsibly to sustain the other
• Smaller scale: cannot support large industrial size
operations
• Crop rotation: switching crops grown to sustain
soil health, using indigenous crops
• Reducing waste: composting, water waste (cover
crops)
• Reduce reliance of synthetic sources: Non-GMO
crops, natural fertilizers
• Fostering a relationship with wildlife: Healthy
ecosystem = Healthy Agriculture
 Cash Crops
• What is a cash crop?
• A crop used for many things or applications
• Wheat/Rye/Barley: bread & baking,
porridge, animal feed, brewing
• Corn: Sweetener, flour, distilling, baking &
bread, animal feed
• Soy: seasoning, tofu, animal feed, milk,
plant protein
• Rice: staple, brewing, baking
• Sugar
• Potato
• Tobacco
• Cotton
 Agricultural Concerns
• Growing need to sustained food supply combined with economics of agriculture
can lead to problems
• Soil Erosion: Soil loses nutrients and moisture content and leads to run off or desertification
• Soil Degradation: soil loses its nutrients and eventually unable to support growth
• Marketability of crops:
• Cash crops: crops that can be used for many purposes are the most profitable under certain conditions
• The supply of cash crops is controlled to stabilize prices
• Cash crops require large infrastructure to support the industry
• Cash crops require more fertilizer and use of gasoline than other crops

• Climate change and reduction of carbon footprint puts a strain on agriculture in

the future
• Industrial scale agriculture can meet demands but has a negative effect in the
environment and human population
 What can we do?

• Governments:
• Tax incentives for regenerative farms
• Subsidies for regenerative farming
• Supporting urban and community farms
• Tax increases of chemical fertilizers
• Fostering diverse grocery sources and limit
monopolies

• Citizens:
• Grow your own food: seasonal vegetables small
scale livestock
• Compost your own food waste
• Only buy seasonal vegetables
• Can and pickle to prevent seasonal food waste
• Support small scale farms: farmers markets, buy
Factors for Factory
Location
+ Raw materials: factory should be close to
materials you need to use (especially if
materials are large and heavy)
+ Power: need a source of energy to power
the factory
+ Labor: need people to work in the factory
+ Market: better if the factory is close to
where products are sold
+ Transport: need to have transportation to
bring in raw materials and send the
products to market
+ Site: better if located on cheap flat land
Burnaston Car Manufacturing Plant Reasons for
Location

+ Many skilled workers in the

area
+ Many components made in
local factories
+ Access to ports to export cars
+ Good rail links
+ Large flat site
+ Electricity from National Grid
 Just-In-Time System at Burnaston

+ Car parts are supplied to

the factory right before
they are needed
+ Eliminates need to store
car parts at the factory and
cuts costs
+ Needs a good transport
system to work
Advantages of
Tourism
+ Creates jobs
+ Businesses catering to
tourists
+ More tax money to
improve the area
+ People can encounter
and learn from other
cultures
 Disadvantage
s of Tourism
+ Overcrowding
+ Environmental damage
+ Tourists act badly
+ Causes prices to go up in
the area
+ Loss of local culture
 Science and Business Parks

+ Special places for company

offices that have lots of facilities
to attract workers
+ Often located close to a
university to recruit graduates to
work there
+ Some have direct link with a
university to send workers when
they graduate
 Advantages of Science and Business Parks

+ On the edge of the city for

easy access
+ Companies can exchange
ideas and information
+ Facilities improve quality of
life in the area
+ Can attract a large group of
skilled workers
 Disadvantages of Science and Business Parks

+ Increase in traffic
+ Can be far from city
center
+ Companies don't want to
share information
+ Can be difficult to find
enough skilled workers
 High-Tech Industries should be located

+ Near roads
+ Near skilled workers
+ Near research
facilities in
universities
+ Near good housing
+ Near entertainment
+ Near airport
 Sunrise Industries: Growth industries, more companies and jobs are created

Sunset Industries: Industries in decline, companies closing down, laying off

employees
 Hi-Tech Industry and
Negative Population
Change
• Attract younger professionals and college aged
graduates
• Why?

• Foreign workers = increased immigration

• Possible Exploitation

• High paying jobs can affect property values

• How?

• Characteristics of Hi-tech industry leads to

saturation of one area
• Silicon Valley

• Families leave city for suburbs

• Gentrification: Wealthier people improve housing
and area = higher prices. Locals can’t afford it
 Hi-Tech Industry and Positive Population Change

• Higher pay = more tax revenue for cities & states

• New projects to beatify the city

• Increases the education level of population

• Attracts new industries

• Foreign workers increases cultural diversity

• Rapid development (good & bad)

• Population related to in-person job increases

• Remote work can negatively affect growth
Population Vocabulary

+ Population distribution: The pattern of

where people live, how people are
spread out
+ Population density: How crowed a place
is, number of people that live in an
area
+ Densely populated area: A crowed
area
+ Sparsely populated area: An area with
few people living there
Population is Unevenly Distributed Around the World

+ Negative factors: Things that make

people not want to live in an area
(bad weather, steep mountains,
poor water supply, few raw
materials, lack of jobs)

+ Positive factors: Things that make

people want to live in an area (good
weather, flat land, water supply,
natural resources, many jobs)
Developing Countries Grow Faster Than Developed Countries
Because
+ Children can be a financial asset in
developing countries

+ Children are a financial burden in

developed countries

+ Many developed countries have aging

populations

+ Many developing countries have

young populations

+ Developed countries are often less

religious than developing countries

+ Developed countries have better

access to medical care and birth
control