GOOD

MORNING!
 LET’S COLLECT!

1.What age is typical to the 10 students?

2.What age frequently appears?
3.What age appears to be in the middle?
 MEASURES OF
CENTRAL TENDENCY

Mean Median Mode

 Objectives
Define mean, median, and mode.
Calculate the mean, median, and mode of
grouped and ungrouped data.
Solve problems involving mean, median, and
mode.
 MEASURES OF
CENTRAL TENDENCY
Central tendency determines a numerical value in the
central region of a distribution of scores. Central
tendency refers to the center of a distribution of
observations.
 MEASURES OF
CENTRAL TENDENCY
UNGOUPED DATA

Mean Median Mode

Mean (x̄)
 Also called an arithmetic mean or average.
 It can be affected by extreme scores.
 It is used if the most reliable measure is desired.

How to compute for the mean?

or
Mean
or

Examples:
Find the mean of the following data.
a. 9, 7, 11, 13, 2, 4, 5, 5, 9 b. 12, 17, 3, 14, 5, 8, 7, 15
𝑥 1 + 𝑥 2+ 𝑥 3 + …+ 𝑥𝑛 𝑥 1 + 𝑥 2+ 𝑥 3 + …+ 𝑥𝑛
x̄ = x̄ =
𝑛 𝑛
9+7 +11+13 +2+ 4+ 5+5+ 9 12+17+ 3+14 +5+ 8+7 +15
x̄ = x̄ =
9 8
65 81
x̄ =
x̄ =
9 = 7 . 22 8 =10.125 or 10.13
Weighted Mean
 Applicable to options of different weights.

𝑊𝑀 𝑛 =
∑ 𝑓𝑥
𝑁
Where:
= Weighted Mean
f = frequency
x = Score
= sum of the product of frequency and score
N = total frequency
Weighted Mean
Example:
There are 1000 notebooks sold at Php10 each; 500 notebooks at Php20 each;
500 notebooks at Php25 each, and 100 notebooks at Php30 each. Compute the
weighted mean.
Solution:
Prepare the frequency distribution. Therefore:
Notebook’s Price (X) f fx
Php 10 1000 Php10,000
Php 20 500 Php10,000
Php 25 500 Php12,500
Php 30 100 Php3,000
N=2,100 = Php35,500
 Median ()
 Is the value in the distribution that divides an arranged
(ascending/descending) set into two equal parts.
 It is a midpoint or middlemost of a distribution of scores.
 It is not affected by extreme scores.
How to compute for the median?
 The median is obtained by inspecting the middlemost value of the
arranged distribution either ascending/descending order.
 Or it can be solve using the formula
Median
Examples:
Find the median of the following data.

a. 9, 7, 11, 13, 2, 4, 5, 5, 9 b. 12, 17, 3, 14, 5, 8, 7, 15

2, 4, 5, 5, 7, 9, 9, 11, 13 3, 5, 7, 8, 12, 14, 15, 17

Middlemost score from two number are the middlemost

the data score from the data
~ 𝑥1 + 𝑥 2 8+ 12 20
𝑥=
2
¿
2
¿
2 ¿ 1 0
 Mode ()
 Is the value with the largest frequency.
 It is the value that occurs most frequent.
 A distribution can be unimodal, bimodal, trimodal and
multimodal.
How to find the mode?
 The mode can be found by merely inspection.
 Mode
Examples:
Find the mode of the following data.

a. 9, 7, 11, 13, 2, 4, 5, 5, 9 b. 12, 17, 3, 14, 5, 8, 7, 15

a. 9, 7, 11, 13, 2, 4, 5, 5, 9 b. 12, 17, 3, 14, 5, 8, 7, 15

5 and 9 are the mode of the No mode can be obtained on

data thus it is bimodal these set of scores because
the frequency of all the score
is 1.
 Activity 1: Let’s Try This!

Directions: Answer the following problem.

1. The sizes of pants sold during one business day in a
department store are 32, 38, 34, 42, 36, 34, 40, 44, 32, 34.
Compute the mean, median, and mode.
 Activity 1: Let’s Try This!

Directions: Answer the following problem.

1. Mr. Santos has a minimart and he earns a profit of Php5,000

from his groceries, Php2,000 from vegetables and Php1,000
from dairy products. He wants to predict his profit for the next
week. He assigns weights of 6 to groceries, 5 to vegetables.
And 8 to dairy products. What is the weighted mean of Mr.
Santos profits?
 CONSTRUCTION OF
FREQUENCY
DISTRIBUTION TABLE
A frequency distribution table is any arrangement of the data that
shows the frequency or occurrences of different falling within
arbitrarily defines ranges of the variable known as class intervals.
Example: Scores made by thirty-five college students on Statistics
Test.
28 40 12 22 20 18 23

28 34 39 33 37 30 21

31 30 14 25 36 27 32

25 29 25 47 42 45 28

22 37 28 16 25 31 35
Step 1. Find the range.
R = Highest value – Lowest value
HS = 47 LS = 12
R = 47 - 12
R = 35

Step 2. Find the class interval. To find class interval, we

simply divide the range by 10 and 20.

We choose 3 as our interval where we will obtain 13

classes. The rule says, that we should prefer not less than
10 or more than 20 class limits. The ideal class limit is 12
to 15. Odd number is preferable; hence 13 class limits is
within the ideal class.
 Real limits Integral limits
Step 3. Set up the classes. In setting up the classes,
45.5 – 48.5 46 – 48
we need to find upper limit by adding where c is
42.5 – 45.5 43 – 45
the class interval, to the highest score. And finding
the lower limit by subtracting to the highest 39.5 – 42.5 40 – 42
score. 36.5 – 39.5 37 – 39
Upper limit 33.5 – 36.5 34 – 36
30.5 – 33.5 31 – 33
Lower Limit 27. 5 – 30.5 28 – 30
24.5 – 27.5 25 – 27
21.5 – 24.5 22 – 24
𝟒𝟓.𝟓𝒕𝒐𝟒𝟖.𝟓 18.5 – 21.5 19 – 21
15. 5 – 18.5 16 – 18
• This setting of classes is called real limits or exact
12. 5 – 15.5 13 – 15
limits.
• Subtract 3 as your class interval to the next class until 9. 5 – 12. 5 10 – 12
you reach the lowest score.
 Real limits Integral limits
45.5 – 48.5 46 – 48
There are two ways of setting classes, 42.5 – 45.5 43 – 45
39.5 – 42.5 40 – 42
namely, real limits and integral limits.
36.5 – 39.5 37 – 39
The latter is obtained by adding 0.5 to 33.5 – 36.5 34 – 36
the lower limit or a class interval and 30.5 – 33.5 31 – 33
subtracting 0.5 to the upper limit. 27. 5 – 30.5 28 – 30
24.5 – 27.5 25 – 27
For instance, the upper class is 45.5 to 21.5 – 24.5 22 – 24
18.5 – 21.5 19 – 21
48.5 for real limits and 46 to 48 to
15. 5 – 18.5 16 – 18
integral limits. 12. 5 – 15.5 13 – 15
9. 5 – 12. 5 10 – 12
 Real limits Integral limits Tally Frequency
45.5 – 48.5 46 – 48 I 1
Step 4. Tally the Score 42.5 – 45.5 43 – 45 I 1
39.5 – 42.5 40 – 42 II 2
36.5 – 39.5 37 – 39 III 3
33.5 – 36.5 34 – 36 III 3
30.5 – 33.5 31 – 33 IIII 4
27. 5 – 30.5 28 – 30 IIII – II 7
24.5 – 27.5 25 – 27 IIII 5
21.5 – 24.5 22 – 24 III 3
18.5 – 21.5 19 – 21 II 2
15. 5 – 18.5 16 – 18 II 2
12. 5 – 15.5 13 – 15 I 1
9. 5 – 12. 5 10 – 12 I 1
35 (N or Σ f)
Let’s Try
Scores made by Forty college students on Algebra Test.
48 40 32 22 20 18 23 10

38 34 49 33 37 30 21 13

21 50 24 25 36 27 32 50
55 29 25 47 42 45 28
60
52 37 28 16 25 41 35
56
 Cumulative Frequency
Distribution
Frequently, it is desired to determine the number of percentage of
values “greater than” or “lesser than” a specified value. Such
information may be made readily available by the preparation of a
cumulative frequency distribution. In a frequency distribution,
interest may center on the frequency of values greater than the
lower limit of any class or on the lesser than the upper limit of a
class. The cumulative frequencies starting either from the bottom
for “lesser than” or at the top for “greater than”.
 Cumulative Frequency Cumulative Percentage
Class limits f (Cf) Frequency (CPf)
< > < >

46 – 48 1 35 1 100.00 2.86
43 – 45 1 34 2 97.14 5.70 Legend:
40 – 42 2 33 4 94.29 11.43 f – frequency
37 – 39 3 31 7 88.57 20.00 Cf – Cumulative
34 – 36 3 28 10 80.00 28.57 frequency
31 – 33 4 25 14 71.43 40.00
CPf – Cumulative
28 – 30 7 21 21 60.00 60.00
Percentage frequency
25 – 27 5 14 26 40.00 74.29
< - lesser than
22 – 24 3 9 29 25.71 82.86
19 – 21 2 6 31 17.14 88.57
> - greater than
16 – 18 2 4 33 11.43 94.29
13 – 15 1 2 34 5.70 97.14
10 – 12 1 1 35 2.86 100.00
The cumulative percentage frequency which is obtained by
dividing the cumulative frequency by the total number of cases (N)
times 100, shows the percent of students falling below or above
(<CPf or >CPf) certain score values. The formula is:

Where:
CPf = cumulative percentage frequency
Cf = cumulative frequency
N = total number of cases
For example:
In lesser than:

Means that 40% of the students have scores of 27 or below.

In greater than:

Means that 60% of the students have the scores of 30 or

above.
 Seatwork 1: Let’s Try This!

Directions: Construct a Frequency distribution table of the following data.

Scores of 30 students on Mathematics in the Modern World
Examination
30 40 21 46 26 28

29 41 23 43 27 50

31 51 48 35 26 53

32 55 45 43 23 40

30 20 50 22 24 25
 MEASURES OF
CENTRAL TENDENCY
GOUPED DATA

Mean Median Mode

Mean (x̄)
 There are two ways on how to solve for the value of
mean given the grouped data or frequency
distribution.
A. Midpoint Method

x̄ =
∑ 𝑓𝑀
𝑁 sum of the product of midpoints by frequencies
Class limits f M fM Example:
46 – 48 1
From the previous example, find the mean.
43 – 45 1
40 – 42 2
37 – 39 3 𝑥=
∑ 𝑓𝑀
𝑁
34 – 36 3
31 – 33 4
1021
28 – 30 7 𝑥=
35
25 – 27 5
22 – 24 3 𝑥=29 . 17
19 – 21 2
16 – 18 2
13 – 15 1
10 – 12 1
N=
 B. Class-deviation Method
 It deals with deviation of the observed values instead of
raw scores from an arbitrary origin in any of the class
limits. The point of origin that we arbitrarily choose is
zero.
Where,
= midpoint value of origin
= sum of the product of the frequency times the
deviation
= total number of classes
= Class interval
Class limits f M d fd
46 – 48 1 47
43 – 45 1 44
40 – 42
37 – 39
34 – 36
2
3
3
41
38
35
𝑥= 𝑀 𝑜 +𝐶 ( ∑ 𝑓𝑑
𝑁 )
( )
31 – 33 4 32 2
28 – 30 7 29 0 𝑥 =2 9 + 3
25 – 27 5 26 35
22 – 24 3 23
19 – 21 2 20
𝑥=2 9+(0 . 17)
16 – 18 2 17
13 – 15 1 14 𝑥=29 . 17
10 – 12 1 11
N = 35
Agreement:

Directions: Answer the following problem.

1. Given below are the daily high temperatures for two weeks in the month of April in
Albay. Find the mean, median and mode.
39, 37, 38, 40, 40, 37, 36, 38, 36, 40, 39, 41, 36, 42
Median ()
In computing the median from grouped data in the form of frequency
distribution, the concept is to determine a value such that 50 percent of the
observations fall above this value and the other half below it.

A. Median From Below Where:

~
= the median
= the lower real limit of the median class
𝑋=𝐿+𝐶 ¿ = the total number of cases
< = cumulative frequency below the median
class.
= the frequency of the median class
= the class interval
 Cumulative
Class limits f Frequency (Cf) Example: Using the same example. Find the
< > median score of 35 students.

46 – 48 1 35 1
~
𝑥= 𝐿+𝐶¿
43 – 45 1 34 2

( )
35
40 – 42 2 33 4 − 14
~ 2
37 – 39 3 31 7 𝑥= 27 .5+3
7
34 – 36 3 28 10
31 – 33
28 – 30
4
7
25
21
14
21
~
𝑥=27 .5+3 (
17.5 −14
7 )
25 – 27
22 – 24
5
3
14
9
26
29
~
𝑥=27 .5+3
3.5
7 ( )
¿ 27 .5 +3 ( 0.5 )
19 – 21 2 6 31 ~
𝑥=27 .5+1.5
16 – 18 2 4 33
13 – 15 1 2 34 ~
𝑥=29
10 – 12 1 1 35
N = 35
A. Median From Above

It has the same steps with the median from below, but the upper limit is
used and finding N/2 starts from above. In other words, the “greater than”
cumulative frequency is used.

~
Where:
= the median

𝑋=𝑈 −𝐶 ¿ = the upper real limit of the median class

= the total number of cases
= cumulative frequency above the median class
= the frequency of the median class
= the class interval
 Cumulative
Class limits f Frequency (Cf)
Example: Using the same example. Find the

46 – 48 1
<

35 1
>
~𝑥=𝑈 − 𝐶¿
median score of 35 students.

43 – 45 1 34 2

( )
35
40 – 42 2 33 4 − 14
~ 2
37 – 39 3 31 7 𝑥= 30 .5− 3
7
34 – 36 3 28 10
31 – 33
28 – 30
4
7
25
21
14
21
~
𝑥=30 .5− 3 ( )
3.5
7
25 – 27 5 14 26
~
𝑥=30 .5− 3 ( 0.5 )
22 – 24 3 9 29 ~
𝑥=30 .5− 1.5
19 – 21 2 6 31
16 – 18 2 4 33 ~
𝑥=29
13 – 15 1 2 34
10 – 12 1 1 35
N = 35
 Mode ()
When data are grouped in the form of frequency distribution, the modal
class is found in a class limit having the highest frequency. Again, if there
are two class limits with greater frequency, the class is said as bimodal; if
three, trimodal; and if many, polymodal.

Where;
^
𝑋 =𝐿𝑚𝑜 +
𝐶
(𝑓 1 − 𝑓 2
2 2 𝑓 0 − 𝑓 2− 𝑓 1 ) = Mode
= Lower real limit of the modal class
= Frequency of the class below the modal class

𝑓o = Frequency of the modal class

= Frequency of the class above the modal class
Class limits f
Example: Using the same example. Find the mode score of
35 students.
46 – 48 1
43 – 45
40 – 42
1
2
^
𝑥 =𝐿 𝑚𝑜 +
𝐶
( 𝑓 1− 𝑓 2
2 2 𝑓 0− 𝑓 2− 𝑓 1 )
37 – 39 3
34 – 36
31 – 33
3
4
^
𝑥 =27 .5 +
3
( 5−4
2 2( 7 ) − 4 − 5 )
𝑥 =27 .5 + ( )
28 – 30 7 3 1
25 – 27 5 ^
2 5
22 – 24 3
𝑥 =27 .5 +(
10 )
3
19 – 21 2 ^
16 – 18 2
13 – 15 1
10 – 12 1 ^𝑥 =27 .8
N = 35
 Activity 3: Let’s Try This!

Directions: Answer the following problem.

1. The following is a frequency distribution of weights of 50 pieces of
luggage. Compute the mean, median from below and above, and
mode. Weight No. of
(kg) pieces (f)
7-9 2
10-12 8
13-15 14
16-18 19
19-21 7
N 50
Agreement:

Directions: Answer the following problem.

Scores in f
Statistics
1. Compute the mean, median
from below, median from 75-79 6
70-74 7
above, and mode given the 65-69 2
following data: 60-64 8
55-59 12
50-54 7
45-49 10
40-44 8
N 60
THANK YOU!