Chapter 7: IP

Addressing

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Chapter 7 - Sections & Objectives
 7.1 IPv4 Network Addresses

 Explain the use of IPv4 addresses to provide connectivity in small to medium-sized business
networks
• Convert between binary and decimal numbering systems.
• Describe the structure of an IPv4 address including the network portion, the host portion, and the subnet
mask.
• Compare the characteristics and uses of the unicast, broadcast and multicast IPv4 addresses.
• Explain public, private, and reserved IPv4 addresses.

 7.2 IPv6 Network Addresses

 Configure IPv6 addresses to provide connectivity in small to medium-sized business networks.
• Explain the need for IPv6 addressing.
• Describe the representation of an IPv6 address.
• Compare types of IPv6 network addresses.
• Configure global unicast addresses.
• Describe multicast addresses. 2
Chapter 7 - Sections & Objectives (Cont.)
 7.3 Connectivity Verification

 Use common testing utilities to verify and test network connectivity.

• Explain how ICMP is used to test network connectivity.
• Use ping and traceroute utilities to test network connectivity.

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7.1 IPv4 Network Addresses

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Binary and Decimal Conversion
IPv4 Addresses
 Binary numbering system consists of the numbers 0 and 1 called bits
• IPv4 addresses are expressed in 32 binary bits divided into 4 8-bit
octets

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Binary and Decimal Conversion
IPv4 Addresses (Cont.)
 IPv4 addresses are commonly expressed in dotted decimal notation

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Binary and Decimal Conversion
Positional Notation
 The first row identifies the number
base or radix. Decimal is 10. Binary is
based on 2, therefore radix will be 2
 The 2nd row considers the position of
the number starting with 0. These
numbers also represent the
exponential value that will be used to
calculate the positional value (4th
row).
 The 3rd row calculates the positional
Applying decimal positional notation
value by taking the radix and raising it
by the exponential value of its
position. Note: n^0 is always = 1.
 The positional value is listed in
the fourth row.

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Binary and Decimal Conversion
Positional Notation (Cont.)

 Applying binary positional notation.

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Binary and Decimal Conversion
Binary to Decimal Conversion
 To convert a binary IPv4 address to decimal enter the 8-bit binary number of each octet under the
positional value of row 1 and then calculate to produce the decimal.

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Binary and Decimal Conversion
Decimal to Binary Conversion
 To convert a decimal IPv4address
to binary use the positional chart
and check first if the number is
greater than the 128 bit. If no a 0
is placed in this position. If yes
then a 1 is placed in this position.
 128 is subtracted from the
original number and the
remainder is then checked
against the next position
(64) If it is less than 64 a 0 is
placed in this position. If it is
greater, a 1 is placed in this
position and 64 is subtracted.
 The process repeats until
all positional values have
been entered.
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Binary and Decimal Conversion
Decimal to Binary Conversion Examples

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IPv4 Address Structure
Network and Host Portions
 An IPv4 address is hierarchical.
• Composed of a Network portion
and Host portion.
 All devices on the same network
must have the identical network
portion.
 The Subnet Mask helps devices
identify the network portion and
host portion.

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IPv4 Address Structure
The Subnet Mask
 Three IPv4 addresses must be
configured on a host:
• Unique IPv4 address of the host.
• Subnet mask - identifies the
network/host portion of the IPv4
address.
• Default gateway -IP address of the
local router interface.

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IPv4 Address Structure
The Subnet Mask (Cont.)
 The IPv4 address is compared to the subnet mask bit by bit, from left to right.

 A 1 in the subnet mask indicates that the corresponding bit in the IPv4 address is a
network bit.

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IPv4 Address Structure
Logical AND
 A logical AND is one of three
basic binary operations used in
digital logic.
 Used to determine the Network
Address
 The Logical AND of two bits yields
the following results:

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IPv4 Address Structure
The Prefix Length
 The Prefix Length:
• Shorthand method of
expressing the subnet mask.
• Equals the number of bits in
the subnet mask set to 1.
• Written in slash notation, /
followed by the number
of network bits.

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IPv4 Address Structure
Network, Host, and Broadcast Addresses
 Types of Addresses in Network
192.168.10.0/24
• Network Address - host
portion is all 0s
(.00000000)
• First Host address - host portion is all 0s
and ends with a 1 (.00000001)
• Last Host address - host portion is all 1s
and ends with a 0 (.11111110)
• Broadcast Address - host portion is all
1s (.11111111)

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IPv4 Unicast, Broadcast, and Multicast
Static IPv4 Address Assignment to a Host
 Some devices like printers, servers
and network devices require a fixed
IP address.
 Hosts in a small network can also be
configured with static addresses.

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IPv4 Unicast, Broadcast, and Multicast
Dynamic IPv4 Address Assignment to a Host
 Most networks use Dynamic Host
Configuration Protocol (DHCP) to
assign IPv4 addresses dynamically.
 The DHCP server provides an IPv4
address, subnet mask, default
gateway, and other configuration
information.
 DHCP leases the addresses to
hosts
for a certain length of time.
 If the host is powered down or taken
off the network, the address is
returned to the pool for reuse.
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IPv4 Unicast, Broadcast, and Multicast
IPv4 Communication

 Unicast – one to one  Broadcast– one to  Multicast – one to a

communication. all. select group.

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IPv4 Unicast, Broadcast, and Multicast
Unicast Transmission
 Unicast – one to one
communication.
• Use the address of the
destination device as the
destination address.

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IPv4 Unicast, Broadcast, and Multicast
Broadcast Transmission
 Broadcast– one to all
• Message sent to everyone in the
LAN (broadcast domain.)
• destination IPv4 address has all
ones (1s) in the host portion.

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IPv4 Unicast, Broadcast, and Multicast
Multicast Transmission
 Multicast– one to a select group.
• 224.0.0.0 to 239.255.255.255
addresses reserved for multicast.
• routing protocols use multicast
transmission to exchange routing
information.

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Types of IPv4 Addresses
Public and Private IPv4 Addresses
 Private Addresses
• Not routable
• Introduced in mid 1990s due to depletion of IPv4
addresses
• Used only in internal networks.
• Must be translated to a public IPv4 to be
routable.
• Defined by RFC 1918
 Private Address Blocks
• 10.0.0.0 /8 or 10.0.0.0 to 10.255.255.255
• 172.16.0.0 /12 or 172.16.0.0 to
172.31.255.255192.168.0.0 /16
• 192.168.0.0 to 192.168.255.255 24
Types of IPv4 Addresses
Special User IPv4 Addresses
 Loopback addresses (127.0.0.0 /8 or
127.0.0.1)
• Used on a host to test if the TCP/IP
configuration is operational.
 Link-Local addresses (169.254.0.0 /16 or
169.254.0.1)
• Commonly known as Automatic Private IP
Addressing (APIPA) addresses.
• Used by Windows client to self configure
if no
DHCP server available.
 TEST-NET addresses (192.0.2.0/24 or
192.0.2.0 to
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192.0.2.255)
Types of IPv4 Addresses
Legacy Classful Addressing
 In 1981, Internet IPv4 addresses were
assigned using classful addressing (RFC 790)
 Network addresses were based on 3 classes:
• Class A (0.0.0.0/8 to 127.0.0.0/8) – Designed to
support extremely large networks with more than
16 million host addresses.
• Class B (128.0.0.0 /16 – 191.255.0.0 /16) –
Designed to support the needs of moderate to
large size networks up to approximately 65,000
host addresses.
• Class C (192.0.0.0 /24 – 223.255.255.0 /24) –
Designed to support small networks with a
maximum of 254 hosts.
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Types of IPv4 Addresses
Classless Addressing
 Classful Addressing wasted addresses
and exhausted the availability of IPv4
addresses.
 Classless Addressing Introduced in the
1990s
• Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR,
pronounced “cider”)
• Allowed service providers to allocate IPv4
addresses on any address bit boundary
(prefix length) instead of only by a class A,
B, or C.

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Types of IPv4 Addresses
Assignment of IP Addresses
 The following organizations manage and
maintain IPv4 and IPv6 addresses for the
various regions.
• American Registry for Internet Numbers
(ARIN)- North America.
• Réseaux IP Europeans (RIPE) -
Europe, the
Middle East, and Central Asia
• Asia Pacific Network Information Centre
(APNIC) - Asia and Pacific regions
• African Network Information Centre
(AfriNIC) –
Africa
• Regional Latin-American and Caribbean IP
Address Registry (LACNIC) - Latin America 28

and some Caribbean islands

7.2 IPv6 Network Addresses

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IPv4 Issues
The Need for IPv6
 IPv6 versus IPv4:
• Has a larger 128-bit address space
• 340 undecillion addresses
• Solves limitations with IPv4
• Adds enhancement like address
auto-
configuration.
 Why IPv6 is needed:
• Rapidly increasing Internet
population
• Depletion of IPv4
• Issues with NAT
• Internet of Things
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IPv4 Issues
IPv4 and IPv6 Coexistence
 Migration from IPv4 to IPv6 Techniques

Dual stack - Devices Tunneling - The IPv6 Translation - Network

run both IPv4 and IPv6 packet is encapsulated Address Translation 64
protocol stacks inside an IPv4 packet. (NAT64) allows IPv6-enabled
simultaneously. devices to communicate
with IPv4 devices.
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IPv6 Addressing
IPv6 Address Representation
 IPv6 Addresses:
• 128 bits in length
• Every 4 bits is represented by a
single hexadecimal digit
• Hextet - unofficial term referring to a
segment of 16 bits or four
hexadecimal values.

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IPv6 Addressing
IPv6 Address Representation (Cont.)
 Preferred format for IPv6 representation

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IPv6 Addressing
Rule 1 – Omit Leading 0s
 In order to reduce or compress IPv6
• First rule is to omit leading zeros in any hextet.

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IPv6 Addressing
Rule 2 – Omit All 0 Segments
 Rule 2 – Omit All 0 Segments
• A double colon (::) can replace any single, contiguous
string of one or more 16-bit segments (hextets) consisting
of all 0s.

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IPv6 Addressing
Rule 2 – Omit All 0 Segments (Cont.)
 Rule 2 – Omit All 0 Segments
• A double colon (::) can replace any single, contiguous
string of one or more 16-bit segments (hextets) consisting
of all 0s.

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Types of IPv6 Addresses
IPv6 Address Types
 Three types of IPv6 addresses:
• Unicast- Single source IPv6
address.
• Multicast - An IPv6 multicast
address is used to send a single
IPv6 packet to multiple destinations.
• Anycast - An IPv6 anycast address
is any IPv6 unicast address that can
be assigned to multiple devices.

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Types of IPv6 Addresses
IPv6 Prefix Length
 The IPv6 prefix length is used to indicate the network portion of an IPv6 address:
• The prefix length can range from 0 to 128.
• Typical IPv6 prefix length for most LANs is /64

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Types of IPv6 Addresses
IPv6 Unicast Addresses
 Global Unicast - These are
globally unique, Internet
routable addresses.
 Link-local - used to
communicate with other
devices on the same local
link. Confined to a single
link.
 Unique Local - used for
local addressing within a site
or between a limited
number of sites.

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Types of IPv6 Addresses
IPv6 Link-Local Unicast Addresses
 IPv6 link-local addresses:
• Enable a device to communicate
with other IPv6-enabled devices
on the same link only.
• Are created even if the device
has not been assigned a global
unicast IPv6 address.
• Are in the FE80::/10 range.

Note: Typically, it is the link-local address

of the router that is used as the default
gateway for other devices on the link.

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IPv6 Unicast Addresses
Structure of an IPv6 Global Unicast Address
 Currently, only global unicast
addresses with the first three
bits of 001 or 2000::/3 are being
assigned
 A global unicast address has
three parts:
• Global routing prefix - network,
portion of the address that is
assigned by the provider.
Typically /48.
• Subnet ID – Used to subnet
within an organization.
• Interface ID - equivalent to the
host portion of an IPv4 address.
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IPv6 Unicast Addresses
Static Configuration of a Global Unicast Address
 Router Configuration:
 Similar commands to IPv4,
replace IPv4 with IPv6
 Command to configure andIPv6
global unicast on an interface is
ipv6 address ipv6-
address/prefix-length

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IPv6 Unicast Addresses
Static Configuration of a Global Unicast Address (Cont.)
 Host Configuration:
• Manually configuring the IPv6 address
on a host is similar to configuring an
IPv4 address
• Default gateway address can be
configured to match the link-local or
global unicast address of the Gigabit
Ethernet interface.
 Dynamic assignment of IPv6
addresses:
• Stateless Address Autoconfiguration
(SLAAC)
• Stateful DHCPv6
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IPv6 Unicast Addresses
Dynamic Configuration - SLAAC
 Stateless Address
Autoconfiguration (SLAAC):
• A device can obtain its prefix, prefix
length, default gateway address,
and other information from an IPv6
router.
• Uses the local router’s ICMPv6
Router Advertisement (RA)
messages
 ICMPv6 RA messages sent every Option 1 (SLAAC Only) – "I'm everything you need
200 seconds to all IPv6-enabled (Prefix, Prefix-length, Default Gateway)"
devices on the network. Option 2 (SLAAC and DHCPv6) – "Here is my
information but you need to get other information such
as DNS addresses from a DHCPv6 server."
Option 3 (DHCPv6 Only) – "I can’t help you. Ask a
DHCPv6
server for all your inform©a20t1i6oCnisc.o"and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential
44

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IPv6 Unicast Addresses
Dynamic Configuration – DHCPv6
 The RA Option 1: SLAAC only (this is
the default)
 RA Option 2: SLAAC and Stateless
DHCPv6:
• Uses SLAAC for IPv6 global
unicast address and default
gateway.
• Uses a stateless DHCPv6 server
for other
information.
 RA Option 3: Stateful DHCPv6
• Uses the Routers link-local address
for the default gateway.
• Uses DHCPv6 for all other
information. 45
IPv6 Unicast Addresses
EUI-64 Process and Randomly Generated
 When the RA message is SLAAC or
SLAAC with stateless DHCPv6, the client
must generate its own Interface ID
• The Interface ID can be created using the
EUI-64 process or a randomly generated
64- bit number
 An EUI-64 Interface ID is represented in
binary and is made up of three parts:
• 24-bit OUI from the client MAC address,
but the 7th bit (the Universally/Locally
(U/L) bit) is reversed.
• The inserted 16-bit value FFFE
(in hexadecimal).
• 24-bit Device Identifier from the client
MAC address.
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IPv6 Unicast Addresses
EUI-64 Process and Randomly Generated (Cont.)
 Randomly Generated Interface IDs
• Windows uses a randomly generated Interface
ID

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IPv6 Unicast Addresses
Dynamic Link-Local Addresses
 Link-local address can be established dynamically or configured manually.

 Cisco IOS routers use EUI-64 to generate the Interface ID for all link-local address on IPv6
interfaces.
 Drawback to using the dynamically assigned link-local address is the long interface ID,
therefore
they are often configured statically.

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IPv6 Unicast Addresses
Static Link-Local Addresses
 Manual Configuration of the link-local address allows the creation of a simple, easy to
remember address.

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IPv6 Unicast Addresses
Verifying IPv6 Address Configuration
 The commands to verify IPv6 configuration are similar to IPv4
• show ipv6 interface brief
• show ipv6 route
 The ping command for IPv6 is identical to the command used with IPv4, except that
an IPv6 address is used.

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IPv6 Multicast Addresses
Assigned IPv6 Multicast Addresses
 There are two types of IPv6 multicast
addresses:
• Assigned multicast - reserved multicast
addresses for predefined groups of
devices
• Solicited node multicast
 Two common IPv6 assigned
multicast
groups:
• FF02::1 All-nodes multicast group – This is
a multicast group that all IPv6-enabled
devices join. Similar to a broadcast in IPv4
• FF02::2 All-routers multicast group – This
is 51

a multicast group that all IPv6 routers join.

IPv6 Multicast Addresses
Solicited-Node IPv6 Multicast Addresses
 Solicited-node multicast address:
• Mapped to .a special Ethernet multicast address
• Allows Ethernet NIC to filter frame on
destination
MAC.

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7.3 Connectivity Verification

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ICMP
ICMPv4 and ICMPv6
 ICMPv4 is the messaging protocol for
IPv4. ICMPv6 provides the same
services for IPv6
 ICMP messages common to both
include:
• Host confirmation
• Destination or Service Unreachable
• Time exceeded
• Route redirection

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ICMP
ICMPv6 Router Solicitation and Router Advertisement Messages
 ICMPv6 includes four new protocols as part
of the Neighbor Discovery Protocol (ND or
NDP)
• Router Solicitation (RS) message
• Router Advertisement (RA) message
 RA messages used to provide addressing
information to hosts
• Neighbor Solicitation (NS) message
• Neighbor Advertisement (NA) message
 Neighbor Solicitation and Neighbor
Advertisement messages are used for
Address resolution and Duplicate Address
Detection (DAD).
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Testing and Verification
Ping - Testing the Local Stack
 Ping the local loopback address of
127.0.0.1 for IPv4

or ::1 for IPv6 to verify that IP is

properly installed on the host.

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Testing and Verification
Ping – Testing Connectivity to the Local LAN
 Use ping to test the ability of a
host to communicate on the local
network.

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Testing and Verification
Ping – Testing Connectivity to a Remote Host
 Use ping to test the ability of a
host to communicate across an
internetwork.

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Testing and Verification
Traceroute – Testing the Path
 Traceroute (tracert) is a utility that
generates a list of hops that were
successfully reached along the path.
• Round Trip Time (RTT) – Time it takes
the packet to reach the remote host
and for the response from the host to
return.
• Asterisk (*) is used to indicate a lost
packet.

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7.4 Chapter Summary

60
Conclusion
Chapter 7: IP Addressing
 Explain the use of IPv4 addresses to provide connectivity in small to
medium-sized business networks
 Configure IPv6 addresses to provide connectivity in small to
medium-sized business networks.
 Use common testing utilities to verify and test network
connectivity.

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62