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Lesson Four

The document provides an overview of computer architecture based on the von Neumann model, highlighting key concepts such as the storage of data and instructions in a single memory and the sequential execution of operations. It contrasts general-purpose hardware with hardwired programs, emphasizing the evolution of programming through software that simplifies control signal generation for various tasks. Additionally, it discusses the roles of memory and I/O modules in a computer system, detailing how they interact to facilitate data processing and instruction execution.

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8 views10 pages

Lesson Four

The document provides an overview of computer architecture based on the von Neumann model, highlighting key concepts such as the storage of data and instructions in a single memory and the sequential execution of operations. It contrasts general-purpose hardware with hardwired programs, emphasizing the evolution of programming through software that simplifies control signal generation for various tasks. Additionally, it discusses the roles of memory and I/O modules in a computer system, detailing how they interact to facilitate data processing and instruction execution.

Uploaded by

cabdilaahiaxmedcabdi3
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Lesson 3

A Top-Level View of Computer


Function and Interconnection

Engr:Mohamed Osman Omar


Agenda

• Computer Components - von Neumann Architecture

• General-Purpose Hardware vs. Hardwired Programs

• Memory and I/O Modules in a Computer System


Computer Components - von Neumann Architecture
 von Neumann Architecture Overview
 Virtually all modern computer designs are based on the concepts developed by John von
Neumann at the Institute for Advanced Studies, Princeton.
 The von Neumann architecture is characterized by three key concepts:
1. Data and instructions are stored in a single read–write memory.
2. Memory is addressable by location, independent of data type.
3. Execution occurs sequentially unless explicitly modified (i.e., one instruction follows
another unless directed otherwise).
 Logical Components in Computation
 Basic logic components can be combined to store binary data and perform
arithmetic/logical operations.
 Custom hardware can be designed for specific computations—hardwired programs.
 This requires manual rewiring for each new computation.
General-Purpose Hardware vs. Hardwired Programs

• General-Purpose Hardware Design


• A general-purpose configuration of arithmetic and logic functions is used.
• Hardware performs functions based on control signals.
• Instead of creating new hardware for each computation, programmers supply new
control signals to execute different tasks.
• Control Signals and Program Steps
• Each program is a sequence of steps, with each step performing an operation on data.
• Control signals are required for each step to perform the operation.
• A unique code is assigned to each control signal set.
• A segment of the system generates control signals from the code, ensuring the system
can handle various computations without rewiring hardware.
Evolution of Programming and Computer Components

 Easier Programming with Software


 Programming is simplified: Instead of rewiring hardware for each new program,
we provide a sequence of codes, called instructions.
 Each instruction is interpreted by the hardware, generating control signals for the
operations.
 This method of programming is known as software.
 Major CPU Components
 Instruction Interpreter: Decodes instructions and generates control signals.
 General-purpose Arithmetic and Logic Functions: Executes operations on data.
 Together, these form the CPU (Central Processing Unit).
 Input and Output Modules
 Input Module: Accepts and converts external data and instructions into usable internal signals.
 Output Module: Displays results and sends output data to external devices.
• Memory and Storage
• Memory (Main Memory): Stores both instructions and data temporarily.
• Von Neumann emphasized using the same memory for both purposes.
 Data Exchange Components
• MAR (Memory Address Register): Specifies memory addresses for read/write operations.
• MBR (Memory Buffer Register): Holds data for reading/writing in memory.
• I/OAR (I/O Address Register) and I/OBR (I/O Buffer Register): Manage data exchange
between the CPU and I/O modules.
Memory and I/O Modules in a Computer System

• Memory Module
• Consists of sequentially numbered addresses that define locations.
• Each location stores a binary number that can represent either data or an
instruction.
• I/O Module
• Transfers data between external devices and the CPU or memory.
• Contains internal buffers to temporarily hold data before it is sent to its
destination.
• Functioning Together
• Memory and I/O modules work together to execute programs by storing,
transferring, and processing instructions and data.
Any Question

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