DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE & DATA SCIENCE YEAR ONE (1)

COURSE TITLE: INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER

LECTURE WEEK III

Computer Hardware and
Peripherals
• Overview of components (CPU, motherboard, RAM, power
supply)
• Storage devices (HDD, SSD, optical drives)
• Input/output devices (keyboard, mouse, monitors)
• Specialized devices (VR headsets, stylus)
Overview of components (CPU,
motherboard, RAM, power supply)

The CPU

It is the main part of a computer The processor and the main

system like the brain of a human. memory of a PC are commonly
It interprets the instruction in the held on a single board called a
program and execute one by one. mother board.
Processor control the transmission from input device to memory;

- It process the data held in main memory;

- It controls the transmission of information from main memory to output device.
The processor contains the control unit and the arithmetic/logic unit (ALU).
Overview of components (CPU,
motherboard, RAM, power supply) Cont.
……………..
The CPU Cont.………….
CPUs are typically designed for a specific type of computer, such as for
desktop computers, servers, portable computers (like notebook and
tablet computers), or mobile devices (like tablets and smartphones).

Most desktop computers and servers today use Intel or Advanced Micro
Devices (AMD) CPUs.

One measurement of the processing speed of a CPU is the CPU clock

speed, which is typically rated in megahertz (MHz) or gigahertz (GHz).

A CPU with a higher CPU clock speed means that more instructions can
be processed per second than the same CPU with a lower CPU clock
speed.
Overview of components (CPU,
motherboard, RAM, power supply) Cont.
……………..
The CPU Cont.………….

The
The CPU operate
arithmetic/logic
and repeat three
unit (ALU) plays
operations:
two roles.

Decode- translate
Fetch – cause
the program
the next Execute- cause
instruction into Arithmetic
instruction to be the instruction to Logical operation
commands that the operations
fetch from be executed.
computer can
memory.
process.
Overview of components (CPU,
motherboard, RAM, power supply) Cont.
…………
The motherboard

Computer chips, also called

The main circuit board of
A circuit board is a thin integrated circuits (ICs),
a computing device,
board containing contain interconnected The main circuit board
located inside the
computer chips and components (such as inside the system unit is
system unit, to which all
other electronic transistors) that enable called the motherboard.
computer system
components. electrical current to perform
components connect.
particular functions.

Typically, external devices The port is either built

All devices used with a (such as monitors, keyboards, directly into the
the motherboard has a
computer need to be mice, and printers) connect to motherboard or created
variety of chips, boards,
connected via a wired or the motherboard by plugging via an expansion card
and connectors attached
wireless connection to into a port—a special connector inserted into an
to it.
the motherboard. exposed through the exterior of expansion slot on the
the system unit case. motherboard.
A Block
Labeled
Diagram of
the
Motherboard
Overview of components (CPU,
motherboard, RAM, power supply) Cont.
…………
Random Access Memory
(RAM) RAM (random access memory), also
called main memory or system
memory, is used to store the essential When someone uses the term memory
parts of the operating system while the in reference to computers, he or she is
computer is running, as well as the usually referring to RAM.
programs and data that the computer
is currently using.

Because RAM is volatile, its content is If you want to retrieve a document

lost when the computer is shut off. later, you need to save the document
Data in RAM is also deleted when it is on a storage medium before closing it
no longer needed, such as when the or before closing the program used to
program using that data is closed. create the document
Overview of components (CPU,
motherboard, RAM, power supply) Cont.
……………..
Random Access Memory (RAM) Cont.
…………
Most personal computers today use SDRAM (synchronous dynamic
RAM).

SDRAM is available in several DDR (double-data rate) versions,

including DDR2, DDR3, and DDR4.

DDR memory sends data twice as often as ordinary SDRAM (or

prior versions of DDR RAM); the most common types of DDR RAM
today are DDR3 and DDR4 (which are about twice as fast as DDR2
and DDR3, respectively).

Each type of SDRAM is also usually available in a variety of speeds

(measured in MHz)—for optimal performance, you should use the
type and speed of RAM your computer was designed to use.
Overview of components (CPU,
motherboard, RAM, power supply) Cont.
……………..

The Power supply:

The power supply inside a computer

delivers electricity to the computer via Although these batteries allow the
a power cord. Portable computers and One issue with newer portable devices to be lighter and are supposed
Most personal computers plug into a
mobile devices contain rechargeable computers and mobile devices is the to last for the typical life of the device,
standard electrical outlet.
battery packs, which are charged via a growing use of built-in batteries. they are more difficult and expensive
power outlet; some devices can be to replace if they fail.
charged via a computer as well.
Image of a Power supply
Storage devices (HDD, SSD, optical
drives)
Or in other words, we can say
A storage device is an
that a storage device is
integral part of the Without a storage
hardware that is used for storing,
computer hardware which device, a computer
porting, or extracting data files.
stores information/data to would not be able to
It can also store information/data
process the result of any run or even boot up.
both temporarily and
computational work.
permanently.

Characteristics of Computer Storage Devices

• Data stored in the Memory can be changed or replaced in case of a requirement,
because of the mobility of the storage devices.
• Storage Devices validate that saved data can be replaced or deleted as per the
requirements because the storage devices are easily readable, writeable, and
rewritable.
• Storage Devices are easy and convenient to access because they do not require
much skill set to handle these resources.
• The storage capacity of these devices is an extra advantage to the system.
• Storage Devices have better performance, and data can be easily transferred from
one device to another.
Common List of Popular Storage
devices
 Storage devices (HDD,
SSD, optical drives)
Hard Disk Drive(HDD)
•An HDD consists of a spinning disk (platter) coated with a magnetic
material and a read/write head that reads and writes data on the disk’s
surface.

•The read/write head moves back and forth across the spinning disk to
access different parts of the data stored on the disk.

•HDDs have been around for decades and are the more traditional type
of storage device.

•Features of Hard Disk Drive (HDD)

• High Storage Capacity: HDDs offer a high storage capacity, with

some models capable of storing up to 16TB of data.

• Lower Cost: HDDs are generally less expensive than SSDs, making
them a more cost-effective option for storing large amounts of data.
 Hard Disk
Drive(HDD)
• Larger Size: HDDs are physically larger
and heavier than SSDs, making them less
suitable for portable devices.

• Slower Performance: HDDs are slower

than SSDs when it comes to data access
and transfer speeds.

• Mechanical Parts: HDDs contain

mechanical details that can wear out over
time, making them less durable than
SSDs.
 Hard Disk Drive(HDD) Cont.
…………

Advantages of HDD Disadvantages of HDD

• Cost-Effective: HDD is also cheaper per • Slower Speed: Due to the mechanical
gigabyte comparing to SSD which is good design of the actuator, have relatively low
for cost effective storage of large amounts I/O data rates in comparison to SSDs.
of data. • More Fragile: As compared to SSDs,
• High Storage Capacity: HDDs are HDDs have higher chances of getting
available in higher capacities than that of damaged due to physical shocks or drops
Floppy disks are available making them this is because they have moving parts.
ideal for application by people who require • Higher Power Consumption: As it is a
large storage facilities such as multimedia. magnetic disk that continues to spin
• Availability: HDD has a relatively long platters, HDDs have higher power
history of usage and that is why it is consumption and hence are less energy
widely supported by the majority of efficient particularly for portable devices.
devices.
Storage devices (HDD, SSD, optical
drives)
SSDs have no moving
SSDs, on the other
parts, making them much
hand, use flash
Solid State faster, more durable, and
memory to store
Drive(SSD) less susceptible to
data instead of a
mechanical failure than
spinning disk.
HDDs.

Features of Solid State Drive (SSD)

• Fast Performance: SSDs offer much faster data access and transfer speeds than HDDs.
• Compact Size: SSDs are smaller and lighter than HDDs, making them an ideal option for use in portable devices such
as laptops and tablets.
• Lower Power Consumption: SSDs consume less power than HDDs, making them more energy-efficient.
• Higher Cost: SSDs are generally more expensive than HDDs, making them a less cost-effective option for storing
large amounts of data.
• No Mechanical Parts: SSDs have no moving parts, making them more durable and less susceptible to mechanical
failure than HDDs.
 Solid State Drive(SSD) Cont.………

Advantages of SSD Disadvantages of SSD

• Faster Performance: They are also • Higher Cost: SSDs are still costlier than the
significantly faster than their mechanical HDD per unit of capacity, although the he is
counterparts, this in terms of booting up, reducing every now and then.
transmitting files as well as improving on the
general performance of any device. • Limited Storage Capacity: While today SSDs
exist in larger capacities it should be noted that
• Durability: Since there is no moving parts, when it comes to higher storage capacities
there is low possibility of the SSDDs getting SSDs are commonly costlier than the HDDs.
damaged physically and as result are
recommendable for use in laptops and other
portable devices.

• Lower Power Consumption: Further, SSDs

are less power hungry that AT’s, which is
important in increasing battery back-up time in
laptops and decreasing power consumption in
desktops.
Image of Solid-State
Drive(SSD)
Storage devices
(HDD, SSD, optical
drives)

What is an Optical Disk?

Optical Disk is a storage medium that relies on

laser technology to read and write data, in shape,
it is a flat circular disk which is made up of
polycarbonate or a similar material with a very
shiny reflective layer on the surface.

They are mainly used for sharing, storing and

backup Data as they have a great life span, and
capacity compared to older technologies like
floppy disks.
Image of Optical Drive
 Input/output
devices (keyboard,
mouse, monitors)
Input and Output Devices
Input devices are the devices that are used to send
signals to the computer for performing tasks.

•The receiver at the end is the CPU (Central Processing

Unit), which works to send signals to the output devices.

Some of the classifications of Input devices are:

• Keyboard Devices
• Pointing Devices
• Composite Devices
• Game Controller
• Visual Devices
• Audio Input Devices
Input/output devices
(keyboard, mouse,
monitors) Cont.………..
Keyboard

The keyboard is the most frequent and widely

used input device for entering data into a
computer.

Although there are some additional keys for

performing other operations, the keyboard layout
is similar to that of a typical typewriter.

Generally, keyboards come in two sizes: 84 keys

or 101/102 keys but currently keyboards with 104
keys or 108 keys are also available for Windows
and the Internet.
Input/output devices
(keyboard, mouse,
monitors) Cont.………..
Mouse
The most common pointing device is the mouse.

The mouse is used to move a little cursor across the screen

while clicking and dragging.

The cursor will stop if you let go of the mouse. The

computer is dependent on you to move the mouse; it won’t
move by itself. As a result, it’s an input device.

A mouse is an input device that lets you move the mouse

on a flat surface to control the coordinates and movement
of the on-screen cursor/pointer.

The left mouse button can be used to select or move items,

while the right mouse button when clicked displays extra
menus.
Input/ Monitors, also known
It creates images by
arranging small dots,

output Monitor
as Visual Display Units
(VDUs), are a
computer’s primary
known as pixels, in a
rectangular pattern. The
amount of pixels

devices
output device. determines the image’s
sharpness.

(keyboar
d,
Cathode-Ray Tube
The two kinds of viewing
(CRT) Monitor: Pixels The higher the image
screens used for
are minuscule visual quality or resolution, the
monitors are described
elements that make up smaller the pixels.

mouse,
below.
a CRT display.

monitors Flat-Panel Display

) Cont.
Flat-panel displays are
Monitor: In comparison
currently used in
to the CRT, a flat-panel They can be hung on the
calculators, video
display is a type of video wall or worn on the
games, monitors, laptop

………..
display with less volume, wrist.
computers, and
weight, and power
graphical displays.
consumption.
Specialized devices
(VR headsets, stylus)
Specialized devices like Virtual Reality (VR) headsets and
styluses are designed to cater to specific tasks, industries, or
experiences.
These devices play crucial roles in fields such as education,
healthcare, gaming, design, and business.

Virtual Reality (VR) Headsets

A VR headset is a device that immerses users in a
simulated virtual environment, blocking out the physical world.

By delivering stereoscopic visuals and incorporating sensors

for motion tracking, VR headsets provide an interactive
experience

Components
• Display: High-resolution screens or OLED panels for each
eye to provide a 3D effect.
• Optics: Lenses adjust the display to create depth
perception and a wide field of view.
• Sensors: Include accelerometers, gyroscopes, and
magnetometers for head-tracking.
• Controllers: Handheld devices for interaction in the virtual
environment.
• Audio: Spatial sound systems for realistic audio feedback.
• Connectivity: Wired (HDMI/USB) or wireless (Bluetooth/Wi-
Fi).
Specialized devices (VR
headsets, stylus) Cont.……..
Applications
• Gaming: Immersive gaming experiences where players interact with a 3D
environment.
• Education and Training: Simulated scenarios for skill development, such as
surgical procedures or flight training.
• Healthcare: Pain management, therapy for phobias, and rehabilitation
exercises.
• Real Estate: Virtual property tours.
• Design and Prototyping: Visualization of models in architecture and
engineering.

Benefits
• Immersive experiences for Challenges
better engagement and • High cost of devices and setups.
learning. • Motion sickness due to lag or poor
• Realistic simulation reduces the optimization.
risks and costs of training. • Technical limitations such as limited
• Enhanced creativity in design battery life and resolution.
and entertainment.
Specialized devices (VR headsets,
stylus) Cont.……..
A stylus is a pen-like input device used for
precise interaction with touch-sensitive
Styluses
devices such as tablets, smartphones, and
graphic tablets.

Types Components
• Passive Stylus: Functions without a • Tip: Usually soft or replaceable for smooth
battery; mimics a finger touch. interaction.
• Active Stylus: Includes electronics for • Buttons: For shortcuts like erasing or
advanced features such as pressure selecting.
sensitivity and palm rejection. • Pressure Sensitivity: Recognizes varying
• Digitizer Stylus: Works with specialized pressure levels for detailed input.
screens for accurate input, often used by • Connectivity: Bluetooth or proprietary
artists and designers. connections for advanced features.
 Specialized devices
(VR headsets,
stylus) Cont.……..
Applications
• Digital Art and Design: Used in tools like Adobe Photoshop and
CorelDRAW for creating illustrations.
• Education: Note-taking, diagram drawing, and math problem-solving
on tablets.
• Business: Signing documents, annotating files, and presenting ideas.
• Healthcare: Annotating medical records or navigating systems
during consultations.

Benefits
• Precision input for creative and professional tasks.
• Natural and intuitive writing or drawing experience.
• Enhanced productivity for tasks requiring accuracy.

Challenges
• Compatibility issues with different devices.
• Higher-end styluses can be expensive.
• Requires careful handling to avoid damage.
 END OF
PRESNTATION
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