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Ch 1. Rational Numbers 1

Chapter 1 introduces rational numbers, defined as numbers that can be expressed in the form p/q, where p and q are integers and q is not zero. It discusses their representation on the number line, properties such as commutative, associative, distributive, and closure properties, and their applications in real life and mathematics. The chapter emphasizes the importance of rational numbers in various mathematical operations and real-world scenarios.

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9 views

Ch 1. Rational Numbers 1

Chapter 1 introduces rational numbers, defined as numbers that can be expressed in the form p/q, where p and q are integers and q is not zero. It discusses their representation on the number line, properties such as commutative, associative, distributive, and closure properties, and their applications in real life and mathematics. The chapter emphasizes the importance of rational numbers in various mathematical operations and real-world scenarios.

Uploaded by

Sabna
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter 1

Rational Number
Class 8
Mathematics
Numbers , Numbers everywhere
• We use numbers in our day to day life. Lets have a look at those scenarios.
1st day of the week
5 seater car
1 litre of milk
1 full ticket in a Bus
If you see the numbers above in the scenarios , we can see that we have used
Natural Numbers(as name suggests they are used naturally by people for
counting in day to day to use from 1 till infinity )

We all know how these numbers are represented in the number line
• Lets see some more examples:

• How about half litre of milk which is ½ or say 3/4 th litre


• How about an half ticket in a bus travel which is ½
• How about 3/4th pant (a casual wear )

If you look at the number format here it seems different from what we know already
(integer,whole number, natural number)

Its of the form numerator/denominator -> this form is called rational form.
FORMAL DEFINITION OF A RATIONAL NUMBER

Number which can be written in the form p/q, where p and q are integers

and q !=0 is called a rational number.

2/3 ,-6/7 are all rational numbers.

Numbers 0,-2,4 can also be written as 0/1,-2/1,4/1 hence they are also rational numbers.
• A lot many example and usages of Rational Numbers in real life.

When you complete assignment half portion you say that you completed ½ or
50%.

In commercials we see 90% which is 90 out 100 doctor prefer this tooth paste.

Marks awarded in test like 24 out of 25 i.e 24/25.

Rational number usage is not only limited to these, we will see how they are used to
solve mathematical equations.
• Equation
x + 2 = 13 is solved when x=11 .11 is a natural number

x + 5 = 5 x=0 .0 is an integer

2x=3  ??

x=3/2 -> x is a rational number

This bring us to the conclusion that we need to have a collection of numbers


of the form p/q called rational numbers and their usage in mathematics and
in day to day life.
• Since we have learnt a new set of numbers, lets see how they are represented on
the number line.

How would you represent ¾ on the number line?

Divide 0 to 1 into 4 equal parts as shown above and among them the third
part of the four parts will be representation of ¾ .
Since we have learnt a new set of numbers, lets see how they behave for the
properties which we have already learnt.

• Commutative
• Associative
• Distributive
• Closure
• Commutative Property for Rational number
Commutative property holds good for addition and multiplication of Rational Numbers.

Adding two rational numbers in any order gives the same result as below
For example:

(i) (1/2 + 3/4)

= (2 + 3)/4

=5/4

and (3/4 + 1/2)

= (3 + 2)/4

= 5/4

Therefore, (1/2 + 3/4) = (3/4 + 1/2)


Multiplying two rational numbers in any order gives the same
result as below

For example:

(i) Let us consider the rational numbers 3/4 and


5/7 Then,

(3/4 × 5/7) = (3 × 5)/(4 × 7) = 15/28 and (5/7 ×


3/4) = (5 × 3)/(7 × 4)

= 15/28

Therefore, (3/4 × 5/7) = (5/7 × 3/4)


Associative Property
Take any three rational numbers a, b and c. Firstly add a and b and then
add c to the sum. (a + b) + c.
Now this time add b and c first and then a to the sum, a + (b + c).
Is (a + b) + c and a + (b + c) same?
Yes and this is how associative property works. It states that you can
add or multiply numbers regardless of how they are grouped.

For example, given numbers are 5, -6 and 2/3


( 5 – 6 ) +2/3​
= -1+2/3
= –1/3
Now, 5 + (-6 + 2/3)= 5-16/3 = -1/3
In both the groups the sum is the same.
•Addition and multiplication are associative for rational numbers.
•Subtraction and division are not associative for rational numbers.
Distributive Property
(i) Distributive Property of Multiplication over Addition :
Multiplication of rational numbers is distributive over addition.
If a/b, c/d and e/f are any three rational numbers, then
a/b x (c/d + e/f) = a/b x c/d + a/b x e/f
Example :
1/3 x (2/5 + 1/5) = 1/3 x 3/5 = 1/5 -----(1)
1/3 x 2/5 + 1/3 x 1/5 :
= 2/15 + 1/15
= (2 + 1)/15
= 3/15
= 1/5 -----(2)
From (1) and (2),
1/3 x (2/5 + 1/5) = 1/3 x 2/5 + 1/3 x 1/5

Therefore, Multiplication is distributive over addition.


(ii) Distributive Property of Multiplication over Subtraction :
Multiplication of rational numbers is distributive over subtraction.
If a/b, c/d and e/f are any three rational numbers, then
a/b x (c/d - e/f) = a/b x c/d - a/b x e/f
Example :
1/3 x (2/5 - 1/5) = 1/3 x 1/5 = 1/15
1/3 x 2/5 - 1/3 x 1/5 :

= 2/15 - 1/15
= (2 - 1)/15
= 1/15 -----(2)
From (1) and (2),
1/3 x (2/5 - 1/5) = 1/3 x 2/5 - 1/3 x 1/5
Therefore, Multiplication is distributive over subtraction.
Closure Property of rational numbers:

The sum of any two rational numbers is always a rational number. This is
called ‘Closure property’ of addition of rational numbers

Example :
2/9 + 4/9 = 6/9 = 2/3 is a rational number

The difference between any two rational numbers is always a rational


number.

Example :
5/9 - 2/9 = 3/9 = 1/3 is a rational number.

Rational Numbers are closed under multiplication.


Division of Rational Number is not closed because al integers are not
For any rational number the additive inverse is the negative of the
given rational number
For example -3/11 the additive inverse will be -(-3/11) = 3/11
Additive Identity of a rational number is “0”
If a/b is a rational number then
(a/b)+0 = 0+(a/b) = (a/b)

Multiplicative identity of a rational number is “1”


(a/b) x 1 = 1 x (a/b) = (a/b)

Multiplicative inverse of any rational number is its “reciprocal” itself


(a/b) x (b/a) = 1
Ex: 5 x (1/5) = (1/5) x 5 = 1.

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