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Data Collection

The document outlines the essential steps and considerations for data collection, including defining the research question, target audience, timing, and methods. It distinguishes between primary data, which is original and collected firsthand, and secondary data, which is previously collected by others. Additionally, it discusses various methods of data collection such as observation, interviews, and questionnaires, along with their advantages and disadvantages.

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Dharshini Dharshini
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3 views

Data Collection

The document outlines the essential steps and considerations for data collection, including defining the research question, target audience, timing, and methods. It distinguishes between primary data, which is original and collected firsthand, and secondary data, which is previously collected by others. Additionally, it discusses various methods of data collection such as observation, interviews, and questionnaires, along with their advantages and disadvantages.

Uploaded by

Dharshini Dharshini
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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DATA

• Prior to beginning the data collection process, you should have four things already
established.
• These include
• the question you're answering,
• who you'll collect data from,
• when you will collect it, and
• the method you’ll use.

• Any information that has been collected, observed, generated


or created to research finding.
Types of research data
• 1. Quantitative data – based on number.
• 2. Qualitative data - based on categories
WHAT IS DATA COLLECTION?
• It is the process by which the researcher collects the information needed to
answer the research problem.
Before an analyst begins collecting data, they must answer three
questions first:
• What’s the goal or purpose of this research?
• What kinds of data are they planning on gathering?
• What methods and procedures will be used to collect, store, and process the
information?
• The purpose of data collection is
• To obtain information
• To keep on record
• To make decision about important issue
• To pass information on to other.
METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION
• Essentially two types:
• PRIMARY DATA
• Primary data are those which are
collected for the first time and are
original in character.
• Secondary data
• Secondary data are those which have
already been collected by someone else.
PRIMARY DATA V/S SECONDARY DATA

PRIMARY DATA SECONDARY DATA


• Real Time • Past Data
• Sure About The Source • Not Sure About Sources
• Can Answer Research Question • Refining The Research Problem
• Cost And Time • Cheap And No Time
• Can Avoid Bias • Bias Can’t Be Ruled Out
• More Flexible • Less Flexible
Methods of collecting primary data
• PRIMARY DATA MAY BE COLLECTED
THROUGH:-
Observation
Interviews
Questionnaires & Schedules
OBSERVATION METHOD

• Observation method is a method under which data collected with the help of
observation by the observer.
• TYPES OF OBSERVATION METHODS-
• Structured
• Unstructured
• Participant
• Non-participant
Structured observation
• Systemic Observation.
• For structured observation the researcher specifies in details what is observed and how the
measurement are to be recorded.
Unstructured observation
• Observe and record behavior in a holistic way without the use of pre determined guide.
Participant Observation
• When the observer is member of the group which he is observing then it is Participant
Observation.
Non-Participant Observation
• When the observer is not a member of the group. observer is observing people without
giving any information to them then it is Non-Participant Observation.
• ADVANTAGES
- Produces large quantities of data.
- All data obtained from observations are usable.
- The observation technique can be stopped or begin at any time.
- Relative inexpensive.
• DISADVANTAGES
• Time consuming
• Limited information
• extensive training is needed.
• Not use for studying past events or activities.
INTERVIEW METHOD
• Interview is a process of communication or interaction between
two person to collect the relevant information for the research.
TYPES OF INTERVIEW METHOD

1. Personal interview , it can be:


• Structured
• Unstructured

2. Telephonic interview
• ADVANTAGE OF PRIMARY DATA
• More information at greater depth can be obtained
• The interviewer can judge the non-verbal behavior of the respondent.
• The interviewer can control over the order of the question, as in the questionnaire, and can judge the
spontaneity of the respondent as well.
• Personal information can be obtained
• Disadvantage
• It is an expensive
• Method Interviewer bias
• Respondent bias
• Time consuming
• There is a lack of accessibility to respondents
QUESTIONNAIRES

• Questionnaire is as an instrument for research.


• It consists of a list of questions, along with the choice of answers, printed or
typed in a sequence on a form used for acquiring specific information from the
respondents.
• Questionnaires are delivered to the persons concerned either by post or mail,
requesting them to answer the questions and return it.
SECONDARY METHOD OF DATA
COLLECTION

• Data gathered and recorded by someone else


• It involves less cost, time and effort.
• Secondary data is data that is being reused. Usually in a different context.
• For example: data from a book, magazines and newspaper.
• It can be collected from internal or external sources
• SECONDARY DATA – DEFINITION & CHARACTERISTICS
• DEFINITION: DATA COLLECTED BY SOMEONE ELSE FOR A DIFFERENT PURPOSE.
CHARACTERISTICS

• Already available and saves time.


• May not be specific to the research need.
• Less expensive but may be outdated or biased.
INTERNAL SOURCES

• Sales records
• Marketing activity
• Cost information
• Distributor reports and feedback
• Customer feedback
EXTERNAL SOURCE
• Journals
• Books & magazines
• Newspaper
• Libraries
• The internet or website
• Published data by govt. Or private organisation
• Census ,etc.
FACTORS TO BE CONSIDERED BEFORE
USING SECONDARY DATA
• Reliability of data
• Who, when, which methods, at what time etc. Must be investigated.
• Suitability of data
• object, scope, and nature of original inquiry should be studied, as if the study
was with different objective then that data is not suitable for current study
• Adequacy of data
• Level of accuracy, area differences then data is not adequate for study
ADVANTAGE OF SECONDARY DATA
COLLECTION

• Ease of access
• Low cost or free
• Time-saving
• Allow you to generate new insights from previous
analysis
• Longitudinal analysis
• A huge amount of secondary data with a wide variety
DISADVANTAGE OF SECONDARY DATA

• Might be not specific to your needs


• You have no control over data quality
• Biasness
• Not timely
SELECTION OF PROPER METHOD FOR
COLLECTION OF DATA

• Nature
• Scope and object of inquiry
• Availability of funds
• Time factor
• Accuracy required
Comparison of Primary & Secondary Data

Feature Primary Data Secondary Data

Collection First-hand Already collected

Cost Expensive Less expensive

Accuracy High May be outdated

Time Required More time Less time

Government Reports,
Example Surveys, Interviews
Journals
REFERENCES

• Research Methodology: Methods And Techniques By CR Kothari


Others Are Mentioned Below In Respective Slides
• HTTPS://WWW.INTELLSPOT.COM/SECONDARY-DATA/
O U
K Y
A N
T H

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