Lecture No.

01 DPT-FA-22

Course: Pathology and Microbiology-

II
Instructor: Ms. Ayesha khan

1
Who I am?
 Ayesha khan (MS in Biosciences)
(Lecturer Allied Health Sciences, IQRA University Islamabad)
Email: [email protected]
Qualification
Masters in Biosciences
(Comsats University Islamabad)
Bachelors in Biochemistry
(Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi)

2
Course Detail
Course Name:(Pathology and Microbiology-II DPT-3615)
Contact Hours: Credit Hours:
Theory: 32 Theory: 2
Practical: 48 Practical: 1
Total: 80 Total: 3
Pre – Requisite: None

3
Course Objectives
Describe consequences of pathologic processes on the
structure and function of the human body.
Discuss selected disorders/diseases common to acute care
in the physical therapy.
 Explain normal structure and function, in relation to disease
processes in the physical therapy.

4
Course Outline
THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
Skin Lesions ,Signs and Symptoms of Skin Disease, Aging and the Integumentary
System, Common Skin Disorders, Skin Infections, Skin Cancer, Skin Disorders
Associated With Immune, Dysfunction, Thermal Injuries, Miscellaneous
Integumentary Disorders.
THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Signs and Symptoms of Cardiovascular Disease, Aging and the Cardiovascular
System, Gender Differences and the Cardiovascular System, Diseases Affecting the
Heart Muscle, Disease Affecting the Cardiac Nervous System, Diseases Affecting
the Heart Valves, Diseases Affecting the Pericardium, Diseases Affecting the Blood
Vessels, Other Cardiac Considerations.

5
Course Outline
THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
Anatomy and Physiology, Inflammation and Infection in the Lymphatic System.
THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Aging and the Pulmonary System, Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases,
Obstructive Diseases, Environmental and Occupational Diseases, Near Drowning,
Congenital Disorders, Parenchymal Disorders, Disorders of the Pulmonary
Vasculature, Disorders of the Pleural Space.
METABOLIC DISORDERS
Osteoporosis, Osteomalacia, Paget's disease.

6
 Course Outline
INTRODUCTION TO PATHOLOGY OF THE MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM
Advances in Musculoskeletal Biotechnology, Biologic Response to Trauma, Aging and
the Musculoskeletal System, The Musculoskeletal System and Exercise, Musculoskeletal
System Disease.
INFECTIOUS DISEASES OF THE MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM
Osteomyelitis , Infections of Prostheses and Implants, Diskitis, Infectious (Septic)
Arthritis, Infectious (Inflammatory) Muscle Disease, Extra pulmonary tuberculosis,
Summary of Special Implications for the Therapist

7
 Course Outline
MUSCULOSKELETAL NEOPLASMS
Primary Tumors, Primary Benign Bone Tumors, Primary Malignant Bone Tumors, Multiple
Myeloma, Primary Soft Tissue Tumors, Metastatic Tumors.
SOFT TISSUE, JOINT AND BONE DISORDERS
Soft Tissue, Joint, Bone.
INTRODUCTION TO CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISORDERS
Overview, Pathogenesis, Clinical Manifestations, Diagnosis, Treatment, Prognosis.
INFECTIOUS DISORDERS OF THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
Overview, Meningitis, Encephalitis, Brain Abscess, Prion Disease.
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM NEOPLASMS
Primary Brain Tumors, specific Primary Brain Tumors, Primary Intraspinal Tumors, Metastatic
Tumors, Paraneoplastic Syndromes, Leptomeningeal Carcinomatosis, Pediatric Tumors.
8
Course Outline
DEGENERATIVE DISEASES OF THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, Alzheimer's Disease, Alzheimer's Dementia, and
Variants, Dystonia, Huntington's Disease, Multiple Sclerosis, Parkinsonism and
Parkinson's disease, Stroke, Vascular Disorders of the Spinal Cord.
MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY
Staphylococci, Streptococci, Neisseria, Bacillus, Clostridia, Gram negative rod's
introduction to Enteric, Acid fast bacilli, mycobacteria, spirochetes, Treponemes.
BASIC VIROLOGY
General characteristics, Viral structure ,mycology ,introduction to mycology,
parasitology, introduction to protozoan.

9
Recommended Books
Pathology: implications for the Physical therapist by: Catherine
Cavallaro Goodman, 4th edition
Basics &advanced Human Pathology by Robbins 9th edition.
Lecture notes on Pathology by Thomas and Cotton Published by
Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford.
 General Pathology by Lord Horward Florey 4th edition by Lloy-Luke
(Medical Books) Ltd.
Medical Microbiology and Immunology By: Levinson and Jawetz, 9th
Ed., Mc Graw-Hill.

10
The Integumentary System
The integumentary system is
the body's outer layer, made
up of skin, hair, nails, and
glands.
 It protects the body from
injury, infection, and sunlight.
 It also helps regulate body
temperature and allows you
to feel sensations like hot and
cold.
11
 Skin Lesions

• Skin lesions are areas of your skin

that are different from the skin
around them.
• Skin lesions are the result of an
injury or damage to your skin.
Skin Disorders
1. Acne
Acne occurs when oil and dead skin cells clog the pores. It usually
appears on the face, back, neck and shoulders. Bacteria called
Cutibacterium acnes, hormone changes can play a role when pimples
crop up.
2. Atopic Dermatitis
Dermatitis (eczema) is a dry, itchy skin condition. A deficiency in
a protein called filaggrin that helps skin maintain water content or
moisture can also trigger this condition. Severe swelling may cause
small vesicles, or fluid-filled sacs, to appear on your skin.
13
Skin Diseases
3. Rosacea
A skin condition that causes facial redness and sometimes
burning or stinging. Other symptoms may include acne-like skin sores.
4. Psoriasis
A skin condition that speeds up skin cell development. The body
makes skin cells quicker than normal. Plaque psoriasis, the most
common type, produces piles of skin cells on the skin. The plaques look
silvery-white and appear most commonly on the elbows, knees, lower
back, and scalp.

14
Skin Disorders
5. Cold Sore
This condition causes a red,
painful, fluid-filled blister that
appears near the mouth and lips.
6. Blisters
Blisters are characterized by a
watery, clear, fluid-filled area on
the skin. It can be found
everywhere on body.

15
Skin Cancer
The abnormal growth of skin cells most often develops on skin
exposed to the sun.
There are three major types of skin cancer :
• Basal cell carcinoma.
• Squamous cell carcinoma.
• Melanoma.

16
Skin Cancer
Basal cell carcinoma
It occurs in sun-exposed areas of your
body, such as your neck or face. It may appear
as flat, flesh-colored or brown scar-like lesion.
Squamous cell carcinoma
It occurs on sun-exposed areas of your body,
such as your face, ears and hands. It may
appear as a flat lesion.

17
Skin Cancer
Melanoma
• It can develop anywhere in body.
• It may appear as large brownish spot with
darker speckles.
• A mole that changes in color, size or feel or
that bleeds.

18
 Autoimmune Skin Diseases
A disorder in which the body's immune system
attacks healthy skin or tissue.
Some of the more common autoimmune skin
diseases include:
Scleroderma: affects all your body’s connective
tissue, cause swelling.
Psoriasis: causes red, scaly patches of skin
Dermatitis: causes muscle weakness, soreness.

19
Thermal Injury

• A thermal burn is an injury caused by

exposure to high temperatures that
damages the skin and underlying tissues.
• These burns occur when the skin comes
into direct contact with a heat source, such
as fire, hot liquids, steam, or hot objects.

20
Thank You - Questions?

21