ROADMAP:

GRAMMAR 1
 Attendance
• Compulsory Attendance: 75%
• Four-Month / Two-month Courses: 15 three-
house classes. 3 missing classes.
• Three-Month Courses: 23 two-hour classes. 6
missing classes.
 Exams and Final Assignments
• Odd Numbers (1,3,5,7,9,11,13,15,17,18): 2
Written Assigments + 1 Final Written
Assignment.
• Even Numbers (2,4,6,8,10,12,14,16,19): 2
Written Assignments + 1 Final Written Exam +
1 Final Oral Exam.
 Final Exam
• Two Components: written and oral. To earn a pass, you must reach a
6 in each of the components.
• The written component is asynchronic. You will have 6 full days to
start, but once you start you have only 180 minutes to complete it.
• Time runs without pause (even with powercuts or internet shortage).
• The oral component is synchronic, and it lasts between 5-10
minutes.
• It consists of 3 questions.
• Each component is independent of the other one, and the make-up
revolves around the failed component(s).
 Assignments
• Two written tasks based on a topic: Personal Information
Paragraph / City Description Paragraph.
• Students are expected to write a generic text (v.g. a paragraph,
a card information, an argumentative essay, a short story, a
tour/shop guide, a formal letter).
• They do not condition the passing. They serve for teaching
analysis.
• Submission is not compulsory.
• The feedback is merely orientative, not level-defyning. There is
number mark, only a comment feedback.
 Pronombres Personales
• Son piezas léxicas que reemplazan a entidades vivas o no vivas del
discurso:
María nos contó que Juan le dijo a ella que no estaba invitada
Pedro es un chico difícil, así que no te metas con él
• Su referencia varía según el contexto:
- Creí que María estaba hablando con nosotros.
- ¡No! ¡Ella estaba hablando con nosotros, no con ustedes!
• A veces puede darse ambigüedad referencial:
Spanish English

Yo I

Tú / Vos Thou (Mod En) / You (PD En)

Usted You (Mod En) / You (PD En)

Él He

Ella She

Ø It

Nosotrxs We

Ustedes You

Ellxs They
• Desde los 90, el pronombre they posee un uso especial que se afianzó
en los últimos 7 años:
A person was killed, but nobody knows who they are.
If somebody believes in God, they are a Christian.

• Este uso tiene un tinte neutro por un lado, o no binario, por el otro.
 The Verb Be
• The verb be means ser o estar. It has a declarative
form, a negative form and an interrogative form.

She is crazy (Affirmative)

She is not crazy (Negative)
Is she crazy? (Interrogative)
• The affirmative form is inflected with the forms am, is and
are:
I am I´m Yo Soy / Yo Estoy
You are You´re Vos Sos / Vos Estás
He is He´s Él Es / Él Está
She is She´s Ella Es / Ella Está
It is It´s Es / Está
We are We´re Somos/Estamos
You are You´re Uds. Son/Están
They are They´re Ellxs Son/Están
 Negative Form
• The negative is created by adding the adverb not:

Unabridged Version Comprised Version

I am not I´m not
You are not You aren´t
He is not He isn´t
She is not She isn´t
It is not It isn´t
We are not We aren´t
You are not You aren´t
They are not They aren´t
• In the interrogative form, the auxiliary am, is or are moves to
the left of the subject:
Am I am crazy?
Are you are Mary?
Is he is your boyfriend?
Is she is the new teacher?
Is it is Argentina?
Are we are in Mexico?
Are they are John and Peter?
 Family
• Relatives = Parientes.

Father: Padre Son = Hijo

Dad = Pa Daughter = Hija
Daddy = Papi Children = Hijxs
Mother = Madre Brother = Hermano
Mom = Ma Sister = Hermana
Mommy = Mami Siblings = Hermanxs
Parents = Padres
 Mediate Relatives By Consanguinity
Grandfather = Abuelo Grandchildren = Nietxs
Grandpa = Abu Aunt = Tía
Grandmother = Abuela Uncle = Tío
Grandma = Abu Cousin = Primo/a
Grandson = Nieto Nephew = Sobrino
Grandaughter = Nieta Niece = Sobrina
 Relatives by Affinity
Husband = Marido Siblings in Law = Cuñadxs
Wife = Esposa Godmother = Madrina
Father in Law = Suegro Godfather = Padrino
Mother in Law = Suegra Godparents = Padrinxs
Parents in Law = Suegrxs Godson = Ahijado
Son in Law = Yerno Godaughter = Ahijada
Daughter in Law = Nuera Godchildren = Ahijadxs
Children in Law = Yernxs Stepfather = Padrastro
Brother in Law = Cuñado Stepmother = Madrastra
Sister in Law = Cuñada Fake Father = Padre Postizo
 Country Capital Nationality
Argentina Buenos Aires Argentinian
Bolivia La Paz Bolivian
Chile Santiago de Chile Chilean
Peru Lima Peruvian
Paraguay Asuncion Paraguayan
Colombia Bogota Colombian
Brazil Brazilia Brazilian
Ecuador Quito Ecuadorian
Uruguay Montevideo Uruguayan
Venezuela Caracas Venezuelan
 Country Capital Nationality
Cuba Havana Cuban
Jamaica Kingston Jamaican
Guatemala Guatemala City Guatemalan
El Salvador San Salvador Salvadorian
Puerto Rico San Juan Puerto Rican
Costa Rica San Jose Costa Rican
Panama Panama City Panamanian
Nicaragua Managua Nicaraguan
Honduras Tegucigalpa Honduran
Mexico Mexico City Mexican
United States Washington D.C. American
Canada Ottawa Canadian
 Country Capital Nationality
Denmark Copenhagen Danish
U.K. London British
Estonia Tallin Estonian
Finland Hellsinki Finnish
Iceland Reikjavík Icelandic
Ireland Dublin Irish
Norway Oslo Norwegian
Scottland Edimburgh Scottish
Wales Cardiff Welsh
Sweden Stockholm Swedish
Northern Ireland Belfast Northern Irish
Country Capital Nationality
Spain Madrid Spaniard
Albania Tirana Albanian
Croatia Zagreb Croatian
Greece Athens Greek
Italy Rome Italian
Portugal Lisbon Portuguese
Serbia Belgrade Serbian
Slovenia Ljubljana Slovenian
 Country Capital Nationality
Austria Vienna Austrian
Belgium Brussels Belgian
France Paris French
Germany Berlin German
Netherlands Amsterdam Dutch
Switzerland Bern Swiss
The Congo Kinshasa Congolese
Madagascar Antananrivo Madagascan
Mozambique Maputo Mozambican
South Africa Cape Town South African
Zimbabwe Harare Zimbabwean
 Country Capital Nationality
Bulgaria Sofia Bulgarian
Czech Republic Prague Czech
Hungary Budapest Hungarian
Poland Warsaw Polish
Romania Bucharest Romanian
Russia Moscow Russian
Slovakia Bratislava Slovakian
Ukraine Kiyv Ukranian
 Country Capital Nationality
Iran Tehran Iranian
Irak Baghdad Iraqi
Israel Jerusalem Israeli
Jordan Amman Jordanian
Lebanon Beirut Lebanese
Palestine Gaza Palestinian
Saudi Arabia Riyadh Saudi Arabian
Syria Damascus Syrian
Turkey Ankara Turkish
Yemen Sana’a Yemeni
 Country Capital Nationality
Afghanistan Khabul Afghan
Bangladesh Daka Bangladeshi
India New Delhi Indian
Nepal Kathmandu Nepalese
Pakistan Islamabad Pakistani
Sri Lanka Colombo Sri Lankan
China Beijing Chinese
Japan Tokyo Japanese
Mongolia Ulaanbaatar Mongolian
South Korea Seoul South Korean
North Korea Pyongyang North Korean
Taiwan Taipei City Taiwanese
 Country Capital Nationality
Indonesia Jakarta Indonesian
Malasya Kuala Lumpu Malasyan
Philippines Manila Filipino
Singapore Singapore Singaporean
Thailand Bangkok Thai
Vietnam Hanoi Vietnamese
Australia Camberra Australian
Fiji Suva Fijian
New Zealand Wellington New Zealander
Country Capital Nationality
Algeria Algiers Algerian
Egypt Cairo Egyptian
Libya Tripoli Libyan
Morocco Rabat Moroccan
Nigeria Abuja Nigerian
Ethiopia Addis Ababa Ethiopian
Kenya Nairobi Kenyan
Somalia Mogadishu Somalian
Sudan Khartoum Sudanese
Tanzania Dodoma Tazanian
Uganda Kampala Ugandan
 Possession
• In English, the possession can be signaled through
the use of:
1)A Possessive Adjective: This is his house.
2)A Possessive Pronoun: This house is his.
3)The Prenominal Possessive Affix: This is Jack´s
house.
4)The Pronominal Possessive Affix: This house is Jack
´s.
Possessive Adjectives Possessive Pronouns
(+ Noun) (+ No Noun)
My Mine
Your Yours
His His
Her Hers
Its Its
Our Ours
Your Yours
Their Theirs
 The Possessive ´s
• The possessive ´s is an suffix used to signal the owner of something.
• In Spanish, the word order is:
Entity Possessed + de + Owner
La casa de Peter
• However, in English the word order is usually:
Owner + ´s + Entity Possessed.
Peter´s house
• It is possible to talk about an entity possessed by another entity that
is also possessed:
Secondary Owner + ´s + Main Owner + ´s + Entity Possessed
Mary´s friend´s house
 El auto de Hernán
Hernan’s car
Los perros de María y Hernan
María and Hernan’s dog
La carpeta de mi primo
My cousin’s folder
La bicicleta de mi vecina
My neighbour’s bike
El primo del amigo de mi hermana
My sister’s friend’s cousin.
La vecina de la maestra de Carlos.
Carlos’ teacher’s neighbour.
 Demostrative Pronouns
• Los pronombres demostrativos son palabras que señalan la
distancia de ciertos objetos respecto de la persona hablante.
• Estos pronombres se clasifican según su número (i.e.
singular/plural) y según su grado de distancia (i.e.
cercanía/lejanía):
 Cardinal Numbers

• 0 = Zero • 10 = Ten • 20 = Twenty

• 1 = One • 11 = Eleven • 21 = Twenty-One
• 2 = Two • 12 = Twelve • 22 = Twenty-Two
• 3 = Three • 13 = Thirteen • 30 = Thirty
• 4 = Four • 14 = Fourteen • 40 = Forty
• 5 = Five • 15 = Fifteen • 50 = Fifty
• 6 = Six • 16 = Sixteen • 60 = Sixty
• 7 = Seven • 17 = Seventeen • 70 = Seventy
• 8 = Eight • 18 = Eighteen • 80 = Eighty
• 9 = Nine • 19 = Nineteen • 90 = Ninety
• 100 = One Hundred • 1236 = One Thousand, Two Hundred and
Thirty Six
• 101= One Hundred and One
• 200 = Two Hundred • 2000 = Two Thousand
• 300 = Three Hundred • 3000 = Three Thousand
• 400 = Four Hundred • 4000 = Four Thousand
• 500 = Five Hundred • 5000 = Five Thousand
• 600 = Six Hundred • 6000 = Six Thousand
• 700 = Seven Hundred • 7000 = Seven Thousand
• 800 = Eight Hundred • 8000 = Eight Thousand
• 900 = Nine Hundred • 9000 = Nine Thousand
• 1000 = One Thousand • 10.000 = Ten Thousand
• 1001 = One Thousand and One • 45.000 = Forty-Five Thousand
• 10.001 • 11.111
• Ten Thousand and One • Eleven Thousand, One Hundred
• 14.568 and Eleven.

• Fourteen Thousand, Five Hundred • 70.777

and Sixty Eight • Seventy Thousand, Seven Hundred
• 65.912 and Seventy-Seven

• Sixty-Five Thousand, Nine Hundred • 56.341

and Twelve. • Fifty-Six Thousand, Three Hundred
• 99.999 and Forty One.

• Ninety-Nine Thousand, Nine • 38.949

Hundred and Ninety-Nine. • Thirty-Eight Thousand, Nine
Hundred and Forty-Nine
• 100.000 = One Hundred Thousand • 500.000 = Five Hundred Thousand
• 100.001 = One Hundred Thousand • 600.000 = Six Hundred Thousand
and One • 700.000 = Seven Hundred
• 101.000 = One Hundred and One Thousand
Thousand • 800.000 = Eight Hundred
• 194.783 = One Hundred and Thousand
Ninety-Four Thousand, Seven • 900.000 = Nine Hundred Thousand
Hundred and Eighty-Three.
• 200.000 = Two Hundred Thousand
• 300.000 = Three Hundred
Thousand
• 400.000 = Four Hundred Thousand
• 555.555 • Seven Hundred and Thirty-Nine Thousand
and One.
• Five Hundred and Fifty-Five Thousand,
Five Hundred and Fifty-Five • 888.888
• 704.365 • Eight Hundred and Eighty-Eight Thousand,
• Seven Hundred and Four Thousand, Three Eight Hundred and Eighty-Eight.
Hundred and Sixty-Five • 999.999
• 111.111 • Nine Hundred and Ninety-Nine Thousand,
Nine-Hundred and Ninety-Nine-
• One Hundred and Eleven Thousand, One
Hundred and Eleven. • 1.000.000
• 276.449 • One Million.
• Two Hundred and Seventy-Six Thousand,
Four Hundred and Forty-Nine.
• 739.001
 Operators or Wh- words.
What Qué
What Time A Qué Hora
Who Quién
Where Dónde
When Cuándo
Which Cuál
Why Por Qué
Whose De Quién
How Cómo
How Many Cuántos/as
How Much Cuánto/a
How Often Qué Tan Seguido
How Old Cuántos Años
 Verbos Léxicos y Verbos Auxiliares
• Los verbos auxiliares son aquellos verbos que pueden negarse
utilizando el adverbio not:
You are crazy You are not crazy
• Los verbos léxicos, sin embargo, no pueden negarse
simplemente agregando el adverbio not:
I play football *I play not football / I not play football
• Para poder negar a los verbos léxicos es necesario incluir otro
verbo que asista en el proceso de negación. Este verbo se
conoce como verbo auxiliar:
I play football I do not play football
• En las interrogativas totales (yes/no questions), el
orden de las palabras es el siguiente:
Auxiliary Verb + Subject + Lexical Verb + The Rest

Are you are playing football?

• En las interrogativas parciales (wh- questions), el
orden de las palabras es el siguiente:
Wh Word + Auxiliary Verb + Subject + Lexical Verb + The Rest

What are you are doing what?

 First Written Assignment: Personal Information
1) What is your full name? I am Israel Efrain Flores.

2) How old are you? I am twenty-nine years old.

I am from Argentina.
3) Where are you from?
I live in 3786, 883 Street, Quilmes, Buenos
4) Where do you live? Aires.
5) What is your job? I am an English teacher and a translator.
6) What is your phone number? It is 1161245534

7) What is your marital state? I am single/ married / divorced / widower.

It is [email protected]
8) What is your email address?
It is 36394186
9) What is your I.D. number?
I am a Gemini
10)What is your Zodiac sign?
 Construcciones Existenciales
• Lasconstrucciones existenciales son aquellas construcciones
que se forman utilizando el expletivo there y el verbo be.
• Es importante distinguir entre el expletivo there y el adverbio
there:
There are two people there
• El
verbo be se conjuga en estas construcciones dependiendo
de si la entidad mencionada es singular o plural:
There is a cat on the roof
There are a lot of cats in the streets
 Affirmative
There is a cat on the roof
There are a lot of cats in the streets
Negative
There is not a cat on the roof
There are not a lot of cats in the streets
Interrogative
Is there is a / any cat on the roof?
Yes, there is / No, there isn´t.
Are there are a lot of cats in the streets?
Yes, there are / No, there aren´t
 Adjectives
• En español, los adjetivos pueden estar a la izquierda del sustantivo
(evaluativos) o a la derecha (descriptivos):
Un pobre hombre / Un hombre pobre
• En inglés, en cambio, tanto los adjetivos evaluativos como los
descriptivos se encuentran siempre a la izquierda de un sustantivo:
A poor man
• El adjetivo, sin embargo, siempre va a la derecha de verbos como be,
seem, sound and look:
He seems smart
You look amazing!
That sounds pathetic
 Affirmative
Subject + Be + Adjective
John is big
Negative
Subject + Be + Not + Adjective
John is not big
Interrogative
Be + Subject + Adjective?
Is John big?
• Beautiful • Ugly • Shiny • Opaque
• Useful • Useless • Wet • Dry
• Faithful • Unfaithful • Fast • Slow
• Fearful • Fearless • Nervous • Relaxed
• Common • Uncommon • Clean • Dirty
• Cheap • Expensive • Easy • Difficult
• Deep • Shallow • Safe • Dangerous
• Smart • Dumb • Lazy • Hardworking
• Wealthy • Poor • Generous • Selfish
• Boring • Entertaining • Tidy • Messy
• Giant • Tiny • Left • Right
 Imperative Mood
• The imperative mood is used to state orders and prohibitions.
In English, this modo always has a hidden you subject, since
this is the only person that can receive orders or prohibitions
directly.
• For orders, the verb is used in bare infinitive:
Close the door! Shut up! Come here!
• For prohibitions, the auxiliary verb do is used with the adverb
not:
Do not close the door! / Don´t close the door!
 Present Simple
• The present simple is used to talk about:
1)Routines and Frequent Actions: I go to the gym twice a week.
2)Universal Truths: The sun rises in the East.
3)Events Stated as Facts: Tiktoks comprise a lot of info.
 Affirmative
• Para la forma afirmativa del presente simple, al sujeto se le agrega
el verbo sin ninguna modificación. En el caso de la tercera persona
en singular, el verbo recibe la flexión –s.
Subject + Verb + Rest + Long Expression
I play football every other day
You play football every other day
He plays football every other day
She plays football every other day
It costs €20 only once in a month
We play football every other day
They play football every other day
 Negative
• Parala forma negativa, el verbo léxico, al no poder recibir la
negación solo, requiere de un verbo auxiliar que pueda
negarlo. En el presente, el auxiliar es do, y en tercera persona
singular se convierte en does:
I do not play football I don´t play football
You do not play football You don´t play football
He does not play football He doesn´t play football
She does not play football She doesn´t play football
It does not cost €20 It doesn´t cost €20
We do not play football We don´t play football
They do not play football They don´t play football
 Interrogative
• Para la forma interrogativa los auxiliares se desplazan a la
izquierda del sujeto gramatical:
Where do I live?
What do you want?
Does he work?
How much money does she have?
How does it work?
Do we have access to the platform?
Do they eat pizza?
 Have
• Elverbo have (tener) es un verbo que antiguamente era
auxiliar. Con el paso del tiempo, se lexicalizó, volviéndose un
verbo léxico: