BIOLOGICAL

DIVERSITY
 BIODIVERSITY
NATURAL HUMAN-INDUCED
CASES ACTIVITIES
 CLIMATE COOLING AND HEATING  HABITAT DESTRUCTION
 RISING SEA LEVELS  INTRODUCE SPECIES
 ASTERIOD/METEOR EXPLOSION  POLLUTION
 DISEASE AND EPIDEMICS  POPULATION USING TOO MANY
 NATURAL DISASTERS RESOURCES
(EARTHQUAKES, VOLCANIC  CLIMATE CHANGE BECAUSE OF
ERUPTION, FOREST FIRES) ENHANCED GREENHOUSE EFFECT
 INHERENT VULNERABILITY  OVEREXPLOITATION

CAN LEAD TO PERMANENT LOSS OF

DIVERSITY CALLED

SPECIES
EXTINCTION

CAN BE PREVENTED BY HABITAT

PRESERVATION AND SPECIES
CONSERVATION EFFORTS 2
BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY
✔ Biodiversity comes from the Greek word
bios (life) and the Latin word diversitas
(variety).
✔ We share our planet with millions of
species of living things.
✔ Species is a set of individuals that have
the same distinct characteristics and are
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✔ Diverse organisms in a certain region
increases the stability of an ecosystem
and the overall health of the biosphere.
✔ To better value and protect biodiversity,
one must understand its totality.
✔ Biodiversity consist of the entire range of
living organisms across levels of
organizations- genes, species and
ecosystem.
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COMPONE
NTS
OF
BIODIVER
SITY

5
 GENETIC DIVERSITY
✔ Organisms in the ecosystem differ not only
from each other but also within the members
of their kinds.
✔ Genetic Diversity refers to the total of the
variety of genes or inheritable characteristics
present in a population of organisms.
✔ A healthy population posses a diversity of
traits. Members lacking a diverse set of genes 6
✔ Traits such as differences in color, size, ability
to run fast from predators, or ability to fight off
diseases are determined by genes.
✔ Genes are segments of hereditary material
that govern the inheritance of a particular trait
from an organism’s parents.
✔ These genes help animals and plants survive
in the environment.
✔ A population of organisms usually share
common genes and this is the reason why they
look similar. 7
GENETIC DIVERSITY AMONG INDIVIDUALS OF A
POPULATION OF SPECIES
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 SPECIES DIVERSITY

✔ Species diversity
refers to a variety of
life forms and the
number of each
species present in a
biological community. SPECIES DIVERSITY AMONG THE
WILD CAT FAMILY
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✔ The number of different kinds of species in a
particular area is called species richness
while the abundance of the individual
members within a particular species is
called species evenness.
✔ For example, a desert may have low species
richness because of a few varieties of
species, with only, say, scorpions,
chameleons, and rattlesnakes.
✔ But it can have a high species evenness
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✔ On Earth , the richness of biodiversity
varies from one place to another because
of several factors.
✔ The size of an area, climate and diversity
of functional roles known as niches, all
contribute to biodiversity.
✔ A larger area is more conducive to
biodiversity because species can live
freely and reproduce more than in a small
area.
✔ The size of the area puts limits on food 11
✔ For example, the population of cows could
potentially increase in a bigger pasture
land than in a small sparse of a lot
because of grass is available in the former.
✔ In other way, we can count more
coniferous tress in a 100-meter forest area
than 10-square meter area.
✔ The tropical rainforests of Southeast Asia,
Latin America and Central Africa are the
most diverse ecosystems in the planet.
✔ Species Diversity is high near the equators 12
 ECOSYSTEM DIVERSITY
✔ Ecosystem diversity refers to the variety of
ecosystems in the biosphere.
✔ Climate and amount of sunlight help organisms adapt
to a particular habitat.
✔ Ecosystem diversity includes the terrestrial
ecosystems known as biomes such as tropical
rainforests, grasslands, coniferous forests, as well as
aquatic ecosystems like coral reefs, mangrove
forests, vast seas, and lakes. 13
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15
 Mangrove Saltwater Deciduous
Tundra
Forest Environment Forest

Savanna
Ecosystem are diverse on
Earth and house unique
varieties of organism. Tropical
Rainforest

Coniferous Freshwater Coral

Desert
Forest Environment Reef
IMPORTANCE OF
BIODIVERSITY
✔ People have different mindsets on and belief systems
about the value of biodiversity.
✔ Some value it because we need resources or want to
raise profits for a business.
✔ Others respect all types of organisms regardless of the
benefit since they believe that all of us share the
same planet.
✔ Many simply devote their time and effort to preserve
and protect the precious species on Earth for future
generations. 17
 ECONOMIC VALUE
✔ Many plants, animals, and microorganisms have
economic benefits. They provide us with necessities
such as food, raw materials for medicines, shelter, and
clothing. Our environment also provides us with a wide
array of naturally made products, which are then sold
in supermarkets.
✔ The Philippines can boast of rich ecosystems which
can provide substantial economic value. Today, wildlife
tours in rainforests, savannas, and mountain ranges 18
✔ Rosy periwinkle
(Catharanthusroseus),
commonly known as
Madagascar periwinkle,
contains chemicals that
help heal cancer
patients. Cancer-fighting
chemicals, such as
✔vinblastine,
The plant from help
which the chemicals come is rapidly
disappearing
increase as local
survival use it
rates infor firewood and their
habitat is converted to farmland.
children with leukemia
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ECOLOGICAL VALUE
 All organisms, including humans, are
connected in a circle of life.
 Each one plays a specific role in the
environments and depend on each other for
survival.
 Bees, wasps, butterflies, and bats pollinate
flowering plants.
 Any change in behavior or number of a
certain species will affect others on the food 20
Certain organisms
are known as
keystone species
because they
influence the survival
of other species by
Examples include
controlling their
biological pest
population.
controls. Ladybugs
and spiders are
natural predators
that limit the number 21
Another reason to maintain our
biodiversity is its aesthetic value.
The innate beauty of a certain
environment invites us to preserve its
currents state for future generations.
Our roles as stewards of nature also
place our ethical value intact to protect
our environment from further
destruction.
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 EXTINCTION RATES
✔ When the environment changes, a population of
organisms respond in three ways – adapt, migrate to a
new area with favorable conditions, or become extinct.
✔ Extinction is the total disappearance of all the
members of a certain species. Biodiversity is lost if all
members of a particular kind die off.
✔ Local extinction occurs when a certain population of
organism’s endemic to a place dies out.
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✔ Using fossil records and analysis of ice core
drills, scientists estimate that the average
annual background extinction rate is 1:5
species for every million species.
✔ We will all pass the circle of life and some
members of our kind will also die and new
members will be born.
✔ Species rise and become extinct throughout our
biological history at a slower rate. In mass
extinctions, the rate of extinction dramatically 24
 ORDOVICIAN- DEVONIAN PERIOD
SILURIAN

FIVE MASS
EXTINCTION IN
BIOLOGICAL
CREATACEOUS
TERTIARY HISTORY PERMIAN
PERIOD PERIOD

TRIASSIC-
JURASSIC PERIOD
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 ORDOVICIAN-SUILURIAN MASS
EXTINCTION
✔ 3rd largest extinction
in Earth’s history
✔ 85% of sea life was
wiped out.
✔ CAUSE: a huge ice
sheet caused the
climate change, which
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DEVONIAN PERIOD MASS
EXTINCTION
✔ Three quarters of
species on Earth died.
✔ Sea bed became
devoid of oxygen; only
bacteria can survive.
CAUSE: Changes in sea
level, asteroid impacts,
climate change and new
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 PERMIAN PERIOD
✔ Also known as the great
Dying
✔ 96% of species died out.
✔ Life on Earth descended
from the 4% that survived.
CAUSE: Asteroid impact, flood
basalt eruptions, catastrophic
methane release, a drop in
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TRIASIC- JURASSIC
PERIOD
✔ Half of all the
species including
large amphibians
became extinct.
CAUSE: climate change,
flood basalt eruptions,
massive volcanic
eruption, ocean acidity 29
CRETACEOUS-TERTIARY
PERIOD
✔ Extinction of the
dinosaurs
✔ 50% of all species
was wiped-out.
CAUSE: Asteroid
impact

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 Natural
Factors that
Threatens
Biodiversity

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✔ Natural events, such as earthquakes and
volcanic eruptions, can easily damage an
ecosystem and wipe out organisms.
✔ Diseases and pandemics caused by
infectious agents such as viruses,
bacteria, or fungi can also kill many
members of a species.
✔ Fungal infection among frogs, for instance,
is a common problem.
✔ It is important to note that these natural
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✔ Nature also gifted species with adaptive
traits and corresponding strengths and
weaknesses.
✔ A species inherent characteristics and way
of life can also make it prone or vulnerable
to extinction.
✔ For example, an endemic or native
species, a species confined only in a
certain area with a specialized diet is more
likely to become extinct than organisms 33
✔ An example is China’s panda bear that is
endemic only in China’s bamboo forests.
✔ As China population continues to expand,
the bamboos which pandas eat are cut
down to be used as building materials or to
clear land for farming.
✔ Since pandas rely on bamboo as their
source of diet, their numbers will begin to
decrease as soon as the bamboo forest
disappeared.
✔ There used to be about 100,000 of them; 34
INHERENT CHARACTERISTICS OF SOME SPECIES
THAT MAKE THEM MOVE VULNERABLE TO
EXTINCTION
CHARACTERISTICS EXAMPLES

Low Reproductive Rates Blue whale, giant panda, rhinoceros

Specialized Niche Blue whale, a giant panda

Narrow Distribution Elephant seal, desert pupfish

Feeds At High Trophic Level Bengal tiger, bald eagle, grizzly bear

Fixed Migratory Patterns Blue whale, whooping crane, sea turtle

Rare African violet, some orchids

Snow leopard, tiger, elephant, rhinoceros,
Commercially Valuable
rare plants and birds
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 HABITAT DESTRUCTION
H Degradation and Fragmentation

I INVASIVE SPECIES
(nonnative)

P POPULATION USING
TOO MANY RESOURCES HIPPCO:
P POLLUTION
TOP SIX REASONS
FOR LOSING OUR

C CLIMATE CHANGE
BIODIVERSITY

O OVEREXPLOITAION

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 INTERNATIONAL UNION FOR CONSERVATION
OF NATURE AND NATURAL RESOURCES
CONSERVATION STATUS
CONSERVATION RED LIST
DESCRIPTION
STATUS CATGORY

A species or lower taxa that has completely

disappeared either through human activity
EXTINCT (EX)
or inability to adapt to changes in the
environment.
EXTINCT
A species or lower taxa whose only living
EXTINCT IN THE members are kept in captivity or as a
WILD (EW) naturalized population outside its
traditional habitat.

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CONSERVATION RED LIST
DESCRIPTION
STATUS CATGORY

Organisms with extremely high risk of

CRITICALLY
becoming extinct. They face a high
ENDAGERED
(CR) percentage of losing 80% of its members
within three generation.

A population which is at risk of becoming

ENDANGERED
THREATENED (EN)
extinct because they arenol few surviving
members that could soon become extinct.

A species that is likely to be endangered

VULNERABLE
(VU)
unless circumstances threatening its
survival and reproduction.

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CONSERVATION RED LIST
DESCRIPTION
STATUS CATGORY

CONSERVATION Species or lower taxa depend on conserving

DEPENDENT efforts to prevent it from becoming
(LR/cd) threatened with extinction.

Species or lower taxa which may be

NEAR THEATENED
(NT)
considered threatened with extinction in the
near future.
LOWER RISK
Extant (living) species or lower taxa which
LEAST
THREATENED (LC)
have been evaluated but do not qualify for
any category.

DATA DEFICIENT Not enough data to make an assessment of

(DD) its risk extinction.

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✔ The primary cause of biodiversity loss is
habitat destruction.
✔ It is for instance humans clear the forest to
expand residential areas, convert it for cattle
grazing or harvest the trees for lumber.
✔ Grasslands can also be turned into farm
lands.
✔ Wetlands are also drained to pave way for the
construction of subdivisions.
✔ In these scenario, some species may not be
able to survive the changes in their habitat. 45
✔ Habitat fragmentation occurs when
humans break larger habitats into smaller,
isolated, scattered places.
✔ Ex: building a road in the middle of a
forest can disrupt the ecosystem and its
inhabitations;
✔ Ex: trees can be vulnerable to wind
damage and plants may have difficulty
dispersing their seeds.
✔ Large mammals may also have a hard 46
EXOTIC SPECIES
✔ Also known as non-native species can
threaten biodiversity.
✔ These alien species can either deliberately
or accidentally introduced in anew area.
✔ Then this happens, there may be no
predators, competitors, parasites or
pathogens that can help control their
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✔ A competitions for resources will ensure
between the native species and non
native species, triggering ecological
disruptions or economic
Brown Tree Snake are losses.
The Golden Apple Snail also
endemic in Papua New known as Golden Kuhol was
Guinea was introduced introduces during 1980s.
during 1950s.

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✔ Pollution is the additional of harmful substances
in the biosphere and can endanger certain
species.
✔ They can cause defects in offspring.
✔ Pollutants absorbed by plants can spread through
the entire food chain as in the case with the use
of pesticides, herbicides and fertilizers.
✔ Their molecules could pass through the tropic
levels in the food chain in increasing
concentration.
✔ This process is known as biological magnification
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✔ Our industries today rely heavily on fossils
fuels.
✔ When we burns, the carbon atoms combine
with oxygen atoms forming carbon dioxide.
✔ Carbon Dioxide is a green house gas that can
trap heat for the planet.
✔ Human activities that release too much
carbon dioxide can cause an enhanced green
house effect which contributes to the rising in
global temperatures.
✔ The species that cannot cope may die and
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✔ Another issue that is accelerating global
warming is stratospheric ozone depletion.
✔ Ozone found in the stratosphere shields us
against ultraviolet radiation (UV) from the
sun.
✔ UV radiation is a mutagen that can damage
our DNA and cause mutations.
✔ The breakdown of the ozone layer has
grown so large that there seems to be
formation of a low ozone region now known 53
54
 Protecting endangered species and
sustaining ecosystems are part of the
goals of conserving biology.
Protection of
Biodiversity
Protecting by captive breeding,
government laws, establishment of gene
banks, botanical gardens and wildlife
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 Preserving the
Ecosystem

Tubbataha Reef Marine Park is a pristine coral reef with extensive

lagoons and two coral islands.
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Tubbataha is a combination of two Samal words which mean “ a long
 Puerto-Prinsesa Subterranean River National
Park is the longest navigational underground
river in the world. It features a limestone karst
landscape spanning the 8.2 km long
underground.
 Zion National Park, Springdale, Utah. Prominent
features are rock formations which include the
Zion and Kolob Canyons and reddish tan-colored
Navajo Sandstone. Because of its unique
geography, the park houses unusual plant and
animal diversity. 58
 Ten Simple Things You Can Do to Help
Protect the Earth
 Reduce, reuse, and recycle. Cut down
on what you throw away. Follow the three
"R's" to conserve natural resources and
landfill space.
 Volunteer. Volunteer for cleanups in your
community. You can get involved in
protecting your watershed, too.
 Educate. When you further your own
education, you can help others understand 59
 Conserve water. The less water you use,
the less runoff and wastewater that
eventually end up in the ocean.
 Choose sustainable.
 Shop wisely. Buy less plastic and bring a
reusable shopping bag.
 Use long-lasting light bulbs. Energy
efficient light bulbs reduce greenhouse gas
emissions. Also flip the light switch off
when you leave the room!
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 Plant a tree. Trees provide food and
oxygen. They help save energy, clean
the air, and help combat climate
change.
 Don't send chemicals into our
waterways. Choose non-toxic
chemicals in the home and office.
 Bike more. Drive less.

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 THANK YOU
FOR LISTENING!!!
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