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Respiratory system 1

The document outlines the physiology of the respiratory system, detailing its components, functions, and processes involved in respiration. It covers the structure and functions of the upper and lower respiratory tracts, including the roles of the larynx, trachea, and lungs in gas exchange. Additionally, it discusses disorders affecting the respiratory system such as asthma, bronchitis, and lung cancer.

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mohamedsamiir0921
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28 views23 pages

Respiratory system 1

The document outlines the physiology of the respiratory system, detailing its components, functions, and processes involved in respiration. It covers the structure and functions of the upper and lower respiratory tracts, including the roles of the larynx, trachea, and lungs in gas exchange. Additionally, it discusses disorders affecting the respiratory system such as asthma, bronchitis, and lung cancer.

Uploaded by

mohamedsamiir0921
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Course outline

A. Respiratory system
B. Digestive system
C. Urinary system
D. Circulatory system
E. Reproductive system
F. Endocrine system
Alpha University Diploma
Program

CH. ONE

Physiology
Of respiratory system

BY: OSMAN IDIRIS


Respiratory System

3
Respiratory system
Respiration is the process by which the body
takes in and utilizes oxygen (O2) and gets rid of
carbon dioxide (CO2).

04-Sep-14 aw macalimow 4
RESPIRATORY
SYSTEM
Respiratory system consists of:
Conducting zone: respiratory passages that conduct
air to site of gas exchange
– Filters, humidifies and warms air
Respiratory zone: site of gas exchange
– Composed of
• Respiratory bronchioles
• Alveolar ducts
• Alveolar sacs
External Respiration
• Upper Airway
– Nose, pharynx,
larynx and
associated
structures
• Lower Airway
– trachea, bronchi,
bronchioles,
lungs,
6
Upper Respiratory Tract
Functions
 Passageway for respiration
 Receptors for smell
 Filters incoming air to filter larger foreign
material
 Moistens and warms incoming air
 Resonating chambers for voice
Components of the Lower
Respiratory Tract
Lower Respiratory Tract
Functions

 Larynx: maintains an open airway, routes food


and air appropriately, assists in sound production
 Trachea: transports air to and from lungs

 Bronchi: branch into lungs

 Lungs: transport air to alveoli for gas exchange


The nasal cavity
The nasal cavity is divided by
the nasal septum into two
parts which have similar
anatomical structure but
may be asymmetrical
Paranasal Sinuses Functions
• Vocal-resonance.
• They are like thermos bottle
defend our brain against over
high and low temperature.
• They are protect the brain and
the eyes at the time of head
injury (like air pillow of the
car).
• They are the strong barrier that
prevent vitally important
structures (cranial cavity and
orbita) from the spreading of
the infection
Pharynx Pharynx
Also known as the throat is a passageway for both
air and food

Three Sections of the Pharynx


Nasopharynx
-contains the pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids) which aid in
the body’s immune defense
Oropharynx
-back portion of the mouth that contains the palatine tonsils
which aid in the body’s immune defense
Laryngopharynx
-bottom section of the pharynx where the respiratory tract
divides into the esophagus and the larynx 12
STRUCTURE OF PHARYNX
Epiglottis
The epiglottis, a movable flap of
cartilage that covers the opening to the
larynx (voice box) prevents food from
entering the larynx during swallowing.

Occasionally, a person may swallow and inhale


at the same time so some food may enter the
larynx and choking occurs.

14
Larynx Larynx
Serves as a passageway to the trachea and the area
where sounds are produced

Vocal Cords Posterior


Portion of
Tongue
Size and thickness False
determine the pitch of Vocal
Cords
sound
True
•Short and thin = high Vocal
Cords
pitch Glottis

•Thick and long = low pitch

15
Trachea Trachea
trachea
larynx

•Also known as the


windpipe

•Connects the larynx to


the right and left bronchi

•Point at which it divides


into the right and left
bronchi is called the
carina

bronchi
16
Internal Respiration
Internal Respiration
Air from the bronchi travels to the bronchioles then to
the tiny air sacs (alveoli) which connect to lung
capillaries.

Oxygen and carbon dioxide


are exchanged and oxygen is
delivered to the body cells.

alveolus

capillaries
Lungs Lungs
•Consist of a right and left lobe

•Covered by a double layer of membrane that makes


movement in the thoracic cavity easier. The outer
layer is the parietal pleura and the inner layer is the
visceral pleura

•The space between the two pleurae is called the


pleural cavity

•Consist of an apex (top section), hilum (middle


section) and base (lower section)
18
Functions of Resp. Sys.
1. To supply the body with oxygen and dispose of
carbon dioxide
• Four processes must occur to accomplish this
 Pulmonary ventilation: movement of air into
and out of lungs.
 External respiration: gas exchange between
lungs and blood.
 Internal respiration: gas exchange between blood
and cells.
 Cellular respiration: oxygen use to produce ATP,
carbon dioxide as waste.
2. Olfaction (the sense of smell) occurs when
airborne molecules enter the nasal cavity and
binds to alfactory neurons.
3. Voice production occurs primarily in the larynx,
or voice box.
4. The lungs are involved in immunity & protect us
from organisms: cilia, mucus production,
coughing reflex, & the presence of immune cells.
5. Acid-base balance refers to blood PH; the normal
range for blood PH is b/w 7.35 – 7.45, due to the
fact that CO2 is an acid & can affect blood PH
level. Because the lungs can alter CO 2 levels, the
lungs are involved in maintaining blood PH
within the normal range.
Mechanics of Breathing
• Muscles:
• Diaphragm

• External intercostals

• Inspiration:
• Muscles contract

• Increased volume, decreased pressure

• Expiration:
• Muscles relax

• Decreased volume, increased pressure


Disorders of Respiratory
System
 Reduced air flow: asthma (contraction of the
smooth muscle in the bronchioles increases
resistance to air flow) , emphysema (damage of
the lung tissue resulting in the destruction of the
septa b/w alveoli, collapse of bronchioles &
decreased elasticity of the lung tissue), bronchitis
(the air passages are inflamed leading to swelling
and loss of cilia).
 Infections: pneumonia, tuberculosis.
 Lung cancer
 Cystic fibrosis

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