Presentati

on Topic
Cancer
By
Minakshi Ghosh
5th semester
B.sc Nursing
Introduction

•Cancer describes the disease

that results when cellular
Changes cause the uncontrolled
growth and division of cells. Some
types of cancer cause rapid cell
growth, while others cause cells
to grow and divide at a slower
rate. Cancer can occur at any site
on tissue of body and may involve
any type of cell.
Definition

• "Cancer is an abnormal growth of cells

which has ability to involve adjacent tissues
and even distant organs and eventual death
of the affected patient if the tumor has
progressed to the stage where it cannot be
treated."
 Categories of Cancer
• Carcinoma
Arises from the epithelial cells lining the internal surface of
various organs (e.g. mouth, esophagus, uterus)

• Sarcoma
Arises from the mesodermal cells constituting the various
connective tissues (e.g. fibrous tissue, bone)

• Lymphoma, myeloma and leukemia

Arising from the cells of the bone marrow and immune
system
 Incidence
 World -

Cancer is responsible for 12% deaths globally

According to global statistics (2020) -
As for incidence breast cancer accounts from 12.5%
followed by lung cancer (12.2%),Colorectal (10.7%) ,
prostate cancer (7.8%) ,Stomach cancer( 6%) ,liver cancer
(5%), cervix cancer (3.3%).As for mortality in men lung
cancer is the leading cause of cancer deaths (18%)
followed by colorectal (9.3%), liver (8.3%), Stomach (7.7%).
In women breast cancer (25.8%) is the leading cause.
 India
 New cases:

1,413,316 cases

 Number of deaths

916,827 cases

 Prevalence during 5 years

3,258,518 cases
Epidemiological Aspects
 Agent Factor
 Nutritional :

High fat diet is related to breast and colon high fiber diet to
intestinal cancer, smoked fish to stomach cancer and beef-
consumption is related to bowel
cancer. Alcohol can cause esophageal and liver cancer

 Chemical:

Exposure to chemical substances such as components of

tobacco smoker, ,cadmium, asbestos alcohal; aflatoxin(food
contaminant) and arsenic are related to cause cancer.
  Biological:
 Virus:
Hepatitis B and C are usually related to hepato-cellular
carcinoma. HIV infection is a risk factor for Kaposi's
sarcoma. Human papilloma virus is a risk factor for
cancer of cervix.
 Parasites :
Schistosomiasis in Middle East is associated with risk of
bladder cancer.
 Physical :
Factors such as sunlight heat and ionizing radiation
are related to cancer such as basal cell cancer, oral
cancer and leukemia.
Host Factors
 Age:
Elderly people are often affected than
younger age. groups. But now it also
occur in youth and children Which is a
cause of concern now.
 Sex:
Males are more often affected than
females Tobacco use is the major
reason.
 Lifestyle, custome, habits

Habits of chewing betel nut, tobacco are associated

with oropharyngeal cancer. Excessive sex with
multiple partners is associated with cervix cancer.
Smoking, alcoholism ane asociated with lung cancer.
Lack of physical exercise and meditation Overall
sedentary lifestyle is very much responsible for
cancer.
  Genetics

Genetic factors such as translocation of Chromosome are

found in certain form of cancer, such as myeloid leukemia.
Retinoblastoma occurs in Children of the same parent. There
is a familial tendered in the occurrence of breast cancer.

Environmental Factors
Air pollution due to hydrocarbons emitted by automobile.
predisposes to lung medicines such as canor, water pollution.
some estrogen (cancer of uterus) and Pesticides are related to
cancer, contaminated soil. and food products
Prevention and control of Cancer

Cancer control and

prevention. consist of a
series of measures
based on present
medical knowledge in
the field of prevention,
detection, diagnosis,
treatment, after care
and rehabilitation,
 Premordial Prevention
I. Measures in this concentrate on modification on
elimination of risk factors among population be made
aware about can group, eg people -protecting from
carermogenie. expasune and danger signs of cancer
by health education

II. Women can be educated about warning signs of

cervical cancer such as bleeding menopause or
bleeding between menstrual period.
|||. Educating children and adolescents to develop
healthy habit and lifestyle, educating about-hazards of
healthy diet Smoking and aleghal, benefits of exercise,
heat and personal hygiene.
 Primary Prevention
 High risk strategy
This is almed at bringing preventive come to those people
who are at a risk of getting cancer.Nurses can
the following to high risk groups -

a) To quit smoking and stop chewing tobacco.

b) Alcohol intake should be restricted.

c) Multiple sex partner should be restricted.

d) Change dietary habits, Bect consumption, smoked fish

should be avoided.

e) Women should have marriage at appropriate age.

f) Practice good personal hygiene and perineal

hygiene.

g) Individuals who have the above risk factors should be

referred for screening for cancer.
 Population Strategy
Cancer education to general public regarding the warning
signs of cancer which are the following-

C- Changes in bowel or blader habits

A- A sore that doesn't heal

U- Unusual bleeding or discharge

T- Thickening or lump in breast or else where

I- Indigstion or difficulty in swallowing

O- Obvious changes in warts on moles

N- Nagging cough on persistent hoarseness

U- Unexplained weight loss

P- Pernicious Anemia

Health education to people, regarding the following

• Maintaing personal and genital hygiene

• Educate to do exercise regularly to neduce the risk of

obesity.
• BSE: Encourages comon to perform breast selt
examination every month , a week after menstruafon,
women aften menopause also should perform BSE
every month.

• Testicular self Enamination should be performed by

men regularly to detect any lump in the testis.

• Avoid exposure to radiation: Special efforts should be

made to reduce the amount of radiation. (induding
medical radiation ) received by each individual to a
minimum without reducing the benefits.
• Air pollution:Control of air pollution is another
preventive measure.

• Treatment of precancerous lesion : Early detection and

prompt treatment of precancerous lesion sach as
cervical tears, warts, intestinal polyposis, Chronic
cervicitis and adenomesta is one of the cornerstone of
Cancer prevention.

Legislation :Legislation has who a rule in primang

prevention. For example legislation to control
environmental carcinogen (eg tobacco, alcohol, air
pollution etc.)

•
• Occupational exposure: Measures to protect workers
fron exposure, la industrial careirogons should be
enforced in industries.

 Secondary Prevention
 Cancer Registration- It provides a baseline data
regarding magnitude of the cancer, problem and for
plamming and implementing the required services
they are of two types -
1. Hospital Based Registries
2. Population Based Registries
Hospital Based Registerries - It indudes all out patient
as well as in patients on hospital. It should be done as per
"WHO hand book for standardized cancer registers" If
there is a long term follow up of patients, hospital based
registries can be of considerable value in the evaluation of
diagrastie and treatment programmes .

Population Based Registries - It should indude

situation in a given geographical area. The optimum Size
of base population recommended for cancer is from 2-7
million such data can r provide significant information
about incident of cancer.
 Early detection & Treatment

This is done by cancer sereening at a stage where the

lesion is localized. Effective sereening programmes have
been developed cervical cancer, breast cancer and oral
cancer. Screening canbe two types-Universal & Selective
Screening

 Treatment - Treatment of cancer include the-

• Surgery
• Chemotherapy
• Radiotherapy
• Immunotherapy.
  Tertiary Prevention
Tertiary prevention aims at disability
limitation and rehabilitation.

• Disability limitation:This is done

by intensive treatment to prevent
development of disability .Patient
may develop disability due to
pain, decreased vitality, loss of
weight, fatigue, discomfort in
advance stage Of caner .
 Rehabilitation:Patient who have
undergone surgery are
rehabilitated. After amputation of
leg they are given prosthesis and
physiotherapy in order to train
them to walk with prosthesis .

Rehabilitation also includes

management of psychological
problem of the patient and
management of the social, spiritual
and family problem.
Conclusion

• Cancer is a multi-factorial
disease. For this reason, its
treatment should take into
consideration all factors, and
not just the physical one.
Research is proving that a
more holistic approach to
cancer is more effective than
the medical approach alone.