Scribd
Upload
3 views

Chapter 1-Introduction (1)

The document provides an overview of control systems, including their definitions, advantages, configurations, and analysis objectives. It highlights the significance of control systems in various applications, such as elevators and automobiles, and distinguishes between open-loop and closed-loop systems. The central challenge in control engineering is to ensure that processes behave as desired despite uncertainties and disturbances.

Uploaded by

snajlafathima1
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
3 views

Chapter 1-Introduction (1)

The document provides an overview of control systems, including their definitions, advantages, configurations, and analysis objectives. It highlights the significance of control systems in various applications, such as elevators and automobiles, and distinguishes between open-loop and closed-loop systems. The central challenge in control engineering is to ensure that processes behave as desired despite uncertainties and disturbances.

Uploaded by

snajlafathima1
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 21

EEN 365 Control Systems

Introduction to
Control Systems
Topics to be Covered
1) Introduction
2) Definition of Control System
3) Advantages of Control Systems
4) Control System Configurations
5) Analysis and Design Objectives
6) Examples
7) Summary
Introduction
• Control systems contribute to every aspect of
modern society.
• Control systems have widespread applications in
science and industry, from steering ships and
planes to guiding missiles and the space shuttle.
• Moreover, control systems are very common in
various home appliances, e.g., smart TVs, air-
conditioners, cookers, refrigerators, etc.
• Control systems also exist naturally; our bodies
contain numerous control systems.
• Modern control engineering practice includes the
use of control design strategies for improving
manufacturing processes, the efficiency of
energy use, advanced automobile control,
including rapid transit, among others.
Definition of Control System
A control system consists of subsystems and processes (or plants)
assembled for the purpose of obtaining a desired output with desired
performance, given a specified input.

Figure 1 Simplified description of a control system

Process – The device, plant, or system under control.


Definition of Control System
Example: Elevator
Consider an elevator, when the fourth-
floor button is pressed on the first floor,
the elevator rises to the fourth floor with
a speed and floor-leveling accuracy
designed for passenger comfort.
The push of the fourth-floor button is an
input that represents our desired
output, shown as a step function in
Figure 2.
The performance of the elevator can be
seen from the elevator response curve in
the figure.
Definition of Control System
Example: Elevator

• Two major measures of performance are


apparent:
(1) The transient response and
(2) The steady-state error.
• In our example, passenger comfort and
passenger patience are dependent upon
the transient response. If this response is
too fast, passenger comfort is sacrificed; if
too slow, passenger patience is sacrificed.
• The steady-state error is another important
performance specification since passenger Figure 2 Elevator response
safety and convenience would be sacrificed
if the elevator did not level properly.
Advantages of
Control Systems
• With control systems we can move large equipment
with precision that would otherwise be impossible.
• We can point huge antennas toward the farthest
reaches of the universe to pick up faint radio signals;
controlling these antennas by hand would be
impossible.
• Because of control systems, elevators carry us quickly
to our destination, automatically stopping at the right
floor.
• Therefore, control systems are generally built for four
primary reasons:
a) Power amplification (e.g., antennas)
b) Remote control (e.g., robots controlled
remotely to access dangerous locations)
c) Convenience of input form (e.g., thermostat
which converts position to heat)
d) Compensation for disturbances.
Control System Configurations
• Two major configurations of control systems:
• Open-Loop Control Systems
• Closed-Loop (Feedback) Control Systems
• The input is sometimes called the reference (command), while the output
can be called the controlled variable.
• The controller drives an actuator.
• An actuator is a device employed by the controller to alter or adjust the
controlled variable in a process (plant).
• A sensor is a device that provides a measurement of the controlled variable
signal and converts it into the form used by the controller.
• Other signals, such as disturbances, are shown added to the controller and
process outputs via summing junctions, which yield the algebraic sum of
their input signals using associated signs.
Control System Configurations

Computer Disturbance 1 Disturbance 2


Reference + + Output
(Command) + Process + (controlled
Controller Actuator
(Plant) variable)

An open-loop control system utilizes an actuating device to control the


process directly without using feedback.

Advantages: Easy to implement and low cost


Disadvantage: Inability to compensate for disturbances due to the lack of
feedback loop.
Control System Configurations
Disturbance 1 Disturbance 2
Computer
Error + + Output
Reference + + Process + (controlled
(Command) Controller Actuator
(Plant) variable)
-
Measurement Sensor Feedback
output (output transducer)

A closed-loop control system uses a measurement of the output and feedback


of this signal to compare it with the desired output (reference or command).
Closed-loop control has many advantages over open-loop control including
the ability to reject external disturbances and improve measurement noise
attenuation.
Control System Configurations
Many feedback control systems contain more than one feedback loop. A
common multiloop feedback control system is illustrated below with
an inner loop and an outer loop.
Control System Configurations
Multivariable control system: as the systems become more complex, the
interrelationship
of many controlled variables must be considered in the control scheme.
Computer-Controlled
Systems
• In many modern systems, the
controller (or compensator) is a
digital computer.
• The advantage of using a computer
is that many loops can be controlled
or compensated by the same
computer through time sharing.
• Furthermore, any adjustments of
the compensator parameters
required to yield a desired response
can be made by changes in software
rather than hardware.
Analysis and Design Objectives
• A control system is dynamic: It responds to
an input by undergoing a transient response
before reaching a steady-state response that
generally resembles the input.
• Major objectives of control system analysis
and design are to:
a) Produce the desired transient response
(good transient response = fast
response without oscillation)
b) Reduce steady-state error (good steady-
state response = low steady-state error)
c) Achieve stability (Stability = No severe
oscillations that might damage the
system)
The Control System
Design Process
Example A
DC Motor Velocity Control

• Controlled variable: DC motor angular velocity


• Process (plant): DC motor
• Actuator: Motor drive
• Feedback sensor: Encoder
• DC Motor
Reference (command): Desired DC motor angular velocity
𝜔

𝜔 𝑟+ Error 𝜔
Controller Motor Drive DC Motor
-
Measurement Angular velocity Sensor Feedback
output (encoder)
Example B Temperature
sensor
Water Tank Temperature Control
Heating Coil
• Controlled variable: Water tank temperature
• Process (plant): Water tank
• Actuator: Electric heating coil
• Feedback sensor: Temperature sensor
• Reference (command): Desired (reference) water
temperature
Water Tank

𝑇 𝑟+
Error
Electric Heating Water 𝑇
Controller
Coil Tank
-
Measurement Temperature Feedback
output Sensor
Example C
Automobile Steering Control System

• Controlled variable: Actual course of travel


• Process (plant): Automobile
• Actuator: Steering mechanism
• Feedback sensor: Eyes (visual) and hands (tactile)
• Reference (command): Desired (reference) course
of travel
Summary
The central problem in control is to find a technically
feasible way to act on a given process so that the
process behaves, as closely as possible, to some desired
behavior. Furthermore, this approximate behavior
should be achieved in the face of uncertainty of the
process and in the presence of uncontrollable external
disturbances acting on the process.
Readings from Book
• Chapter – 1
Next Topic: Modelling in
Frequency Domain

Thank You

You might also like