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Communications Systems - Modulation (Amplitude Modulation)

- Amplitude modulation (AM) is a modulation technique where the amplitude of the carrier wave is varied in proportion to the instantaneous amplitude of the input modulating signal. This creates sidebands at sums and differences of the carrier and modulating frequencies. - In AM, the phase of the carrier remains constant while the amplitude varies according to the modulating signal. This results in wasteful transmission of the unmodulated carrier signal and sidebands that contain the information. - The modulation index, defined as the ratio of modulating to carrier signal amplitudes, must be between 0 and 1 for proper AM. Higher modulation indices result in overmodulation and distortion of the signal.

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140 views15 pages

Communications Systems - Modulation (Amplitude Modulation)

- Amplitude modulation (AM) is a modulation technique where the amplitude of the carrier wave is varied in proportion to the instantaneous amplitude of the input modulating signal. This creates sidebands at sums and differences of the carrier and modulating frequencies. - In AM, the phase of the carrier remains constant while the amplitude varies according to the modulating signal. This results in wasteful transmission of the unmodulated carrier signal and sidebands that contain the information. - The modulation index, defined as the ratio of modulating to carrier signal amplitudes, must be between 0 and 1 for proper AM. Higher modulation indices result in overmodulation and distortion of the signal.

Uploaded by

chizs_macx
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© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEMS

REVIEWER

MODULATION Amplitude Modulation


Prepared by: Mark B. Salgado, ECE

Modulation

What is Modulation?

Modulation can be defined as the transformation of superimposition of the signal containing the information on a highModulating frequency Modulation If we transmit a audio carrier.
frequency of 4Khz
Voice Signal or Baseband Signal

Signal

Modulated Signal

Analog Radio

Low frequency
Carrier Signal

Using a typical carrier frequency of 100Mhz for FM

High frequency

Analog Modulation

Two types of Analog Communication through Modulation:


Amplitude Modulation Frequency Modulation
Amplitude Modulation Carrier

Modulating signal Frequency Modulation (Baseband)

Amplitude Modulation

What is Amplitude Modulation?


Is defined as a system of modulation in which the amplitude of the carrier is made proportional to the instantaneous amplitude of the modulating voltage.
wc = 2fc
ec = Ec sin wct ec = Instantaneous Carrier Signal Ec = Carrier Voltage (Amplitude), V fc = Carrie Frequency (Hz): w c/2 Sin (wct) = Sinusoidal waveform: rads/sec em = Instantaneous Modulating Signal Em = Modulating Voltage (Amplitude), V fm = Modulating Frequency (Hz): w m/2 Sin (wmt) = Sinusoidal waveform: rads/sec

wm = 2fm
em = Em sin wmt

Amplitude Modulation

What is Amplitude Modulation?


Amplitude Modulation is the simplest and earliest form of transmitters. AM applications include broadcasting in medium- and high-frequency applications, CB radio, and aircraft communications.

Amplitude Modulation

Analog Modulation Characteristics:


The information signal varies the instantaneous amplitude of the carrier. Amplitude Modulation is a nonlinear process. Sum and difference frequencies are created that carry the information.

Amplitude Modulation

Amplitude Modulation:
E

The Phase angle of is unchanging in Amplitude Modulation. The Amplitude (Voltage) varies along the process

Em Ec A

Emsin Wmt

t
fSB = fc nfm

fSB = sideband frequency fc = carrier frequency fm = modulating frequency


m = modulating index Ec = Carrier Voltage, V Em = Modulating Voltage, V

m = Em/Ec

Amplitude Modulation

Modulating Index:

In order for proper AM to occur, the modulating signal voltage Em must be less than the carrier voltage Ec. Modulation index is also called modulation factor, modulation coefficient , or the degree of modulation. The modulation index should be a number between 0 and 1.

If: m = 1 perfectly modulated; m = 0 the signal is a constant amplitude carrier; m = < 0 under modulation and m = > 1 over modulation

Amplitude Modulation

Percentage Modulation Index:

Amplitude Modulation

Amplitude Modulation Equation:


E e = A sin , thus e = A sin wct
Amplitude Modulation Equation: Em Emsin Wmt e = Ec sinwct + (mEc/2) cos(wc-wm)t (mEc/2) cos(wc+wm)t

m = Em/Ec

Ec

e = Ec (1 + m sinwmt) sin wct Using trigonometric t function of: sinxsiny = [cos (x-y) cos (x+y)]

A = E c + em A = Ec + Em sin wmt A = Ec + mEc sin wmt A = Ec (1 + m sinwmt)

Amplitude Modulation

AM Waveform:
Amplitude Modulation Equation: e = Ec sinwct + (mEc/2) cos(wc-wm)t (mEc/2) cos(wc+wm)t

Modulating Signal

Carrier

Amplitude Modulation

AM Waveform:
Amplitude Modulation Equation: e = Ec sinwct + (mEc/2) cos(wc-wm)t (mEc/2) cos(wc+wm)t Carrier Signal: Ec sinwct Lower Sideband Signal: (mEc/2) cos(wcwm)t Upper Sideband Signal: (mEc/2) cos(wc+wm)t

LSB

USB

B 2 Fm
fm fm

f usb f c f m f lsb f c f m E lsb E usb mE c 2

fc - f m

fc

fc + fm

Amplitude Modulation

AM Waveform:

m = Vmax Vmin Modulating index for Vmax + Vmin multiple modulating frequencies:

m m1 m2
2 2

Amplitude Modulation

Power Relation in AM:


Power in a transmitter is important, but the most important power measurement is that of the portion that transmits the information. AM carriers remain unchanged with modulation and therefore are wasteful.
P = E2/R; where: P = Power, Watts (W); for Using the AM Wave formula E = Voltage, (V) Power: 2 Pc Ohms R = Resistance,= Ec /R () PLSB = ELSB2/R Pt = E2carr/R + E2LSB/R + E2USB/R PUSB = EUSB2/R Pc = Carrier Power, W Pt = Total Power, W PLSB = Lower Sideband Power, W PUSB = Upper Sideband Power, W Ec = Carrier Voltage, V ELSB = Lower Sideband Voltage, V EUSB = Upper Sideband Voltage, V R = Antenna Resistance, Ohhms,

Amplitude Modulation

Power Relation in AM:


Get the RMS Value: Pc = Ec2/R = Pc = (Ec/2)2 / R Pc Ec /2R Get=the2RMS Value: PLSB = PUSB = ESB2/R = [(mEc/2)2 / 2] / R = Substitute in the AM Power PLSB = PUSB Equation: = m2Ec2/8R Pt = Pc + PLSB + PUSB Pt = Ec2/2R + m2Ec2/8R + m2Ec2/8R Pt = Pc + (m2/4)Pc + (m2/4)Pc Pt = Pc(1+(m2/2)

ERMS = For maximum power divide by 2 of AM wave:


Pt = 1.5Pc; where m=1

Pc = Carrier Power, W Pt = Total Power, W PLSB = Lower Sideband Power, W PUSB = Upper Sideband Power, W Ec = Carrier Voltage, V ELSB = Lower Sideband Voltage, V EUSB = Upper Sideband Voltage, V R = Antenna Resistance, Ohhms,

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