COMPUTER ORGANIZATION

AND ARCHITECTURE
INTRODUCTION

 Computer Organization and Architecture is

the study of internal working, structuring, and
implementation of a computer system.
Why should we study computer
architecture and organization?

 The subject explores how machines are designed,

built, and operate.
 Knowing what's inside and how it works will help
you design, develop, and implement applications
better, faster, cheaper, more efficient, and easier to
use because you will be able to make informed
decisions instead of guestimating and assuming.
Computer architecture

 Computer architecture refers to those

attributes of a system visible to a programmer
or, put another way, those attributes that have a
direct impact on the logical execution of a
program.
 It is concerned with all aspects of the design
and organization of the central processing unit
and the integration of the CPU into the
computer system itself.
Computer arch.. continue

 Generally, Computer Architecture is a blueprint

for design and implementation of a computer
system.
 It provides the functional details and behavior
of a computer system and comes before
computer organization.
Computer arch.. continue

There are five basic functional units in a

computer system which include;
 Input Unit.
 Output Unit.
 Memory Unit.
 Control Unit.
 Arithmetical and Logical Unit
Computer arch.. continue
Input Unit
 A computer will only respond when a
command is given to the device.
 These commands can be given using the input
unit or the input devices.
 The data entered can be in the form of
numbers, alphabet, images, etc.
 We enter the information using an input device,
the processing units convert it into computer
understandable languages and then the final
output is received by a human-understandable
language.
Output Unit

 When we command a computer to perform a

task, it reverts for the action performed and
gives us a result. This result is called output.
 There are various output devices connected
to the computer. The most basic of which is
a monitor.
 Whatever we write using a keyboard or click
using a mouse, is all displayed on the
monitor.
Memory Unit
 When we enter the data into the computer
using an input device, the entered information
immediately gets saved in the memory unit of
the Central Processing Unit (CPU).
 Because of the presence of some existing
programming, the Memory Unit transmits the
data further to the other parts of the CPU.
 Similarly, when the output of our command is
processed by the computer, it is saved in the
memory unit before giving the output to the
user.
 Control Unit
 This is the core unit which manages the entire
functioning of the computer device.
 Itis one of the most essential components of the
computer system.
 The Control Unit collects the data entered using
the input unit, leads it on for processing and once
that is done, receives the output and presents it to
the user.
 Itcan be said to the centre of all processing
actions taking place inside a computer device.
Arithmetic & Logical Unit

 All the mathematical calculations or arithmetic

operations are performed in the Arithmetic and
Logical Unit of the CPU.
 The ALU comprises circuits using which addition,
subtraction, multiplication, division and other
numerical based calculations can be performed.
 It can also perform actions like a comparison,
selection, matching, data merging etc.
 So, Computer architecture deals with 'What to
do?'
Computer Organization

 Organization of a computer system is the way of

practical implementation that results in the
realization of architectural specifications of a
computer system.
 In more general language, the Architecture of a
computer system can be considered as a catalog of
tools available for any operator using the system,
while Organization will be the way the system is
structured so that all those cataloged tools can be
used, and efficiently.
 Computer Orga… Continue
 Computer organization refers to the operational units
and their interconnection that realize the architecture
specification.
 Examples of architecture attributes include the
instruction set, the number of bit to represent various
data types (e.g.., numbers, and characters), I/O
mechanisms, and technique for addressing memory.
 Examples of organization attributes include those
hardware details transparent to the programmer, such
as control signals, interfaces between the computer
and peripherals, and the memory technology used.
Computer Orga… Continue

 Computer Organization is how

operational parts of a computer
system are linked together.
 Itimplements the provided computer
architecture. Computer organization
deals with 'How to do?'
Following are some of the important differences between Computer Architecture and
Computer Organization.

No. Key Computer Architecture Computer Organization

1 Purpose Computer architecture explains Computer organization explains how a
what a computer should do. computer works.
2 Target Computer architecture provides Computer organization provides structural
functional behavior of computer relationships between parts of computer
system. system.
3 Design Computer architecture deals with Computer organization deals with low level
high level design. design.
4 Actors Actors in Computer architecture Actor in computer organization is
are hardware parts. performance.
5 Order Computer architecture is designed Computer organization is started after
first. finalizing computer architecture.
Structure and Function

A computer is a complex system; contemporary

computers contain millions of elementary
electronic components.
The key is to recognize the hierarchical nature of
most complex system.
A hierarchical system is a set of interrelated
subsystem, each of the later, in turn, hierarchical
in structure until we reach some lowest level of
elementary subsystem.
Structure and Function
 The hierarchical nature of complex systems is
essential to both their design and their description.
The designer need only deal with a particular level of
the system at a time. At each level, the system
consists of a set of components and their
interrelationships. The behavior at each level depends
only on a simplified, abstracted characterization of
the system at the next lower level. At each level, the
designer is concerned with structure and function:
 Structure: The way in which the components are interrelated.
 Function: The operation of each individual component as part
of the structure.
Function

 In general terms, there are four main functions

of a computer:
 Data processing
 Data storage
 Data movement
 Control
Function continue.
 The computer, of course, must be able to process data.
The data may take a wide variety of forms, and the range
of processing requirements is broad.
 It is also essential that a computer store data. Even if
the computer is processing data on the fly (i.e., data
come in and get processed, and the results go out
immediately), the computer must temporarily store at
least those pieces of data that are being worked on at any
given moment. Thus, there is at least a short-term data
storage function. Files of data are stored on the computer
for subsequent retrieval and update.
Function continue.

 The computer must be able to move data

between itself and the outside world.
 The computer’s operating environment consists
of devices that serve as either sources or
destinations of data.
 When data are received from or delivered to a
device that is directly connected to the
computer, the process is known as input-output
(I/O), and the device is referred to as a
peripheral.
Function continue.

 Finally, there must be control of the three

functions. Ultimately, this control is exercised
by the individual who provides the computer
with instructions.
 Within the computer system, a control unit
manages the computer’s resources and
composes the performance of its functional
parts in response to those instructions.
Function continue.

 The computer can function as a data movement

device, simply transferring data from one
peripheral or communications line to another.
 It can also function as a data storage device,
with data transferred from the external
environment to computer storage (read) and
vice versa (write).
Structure
 The computer is an entity that interacts in some
fashion with its external environment
 In general, all of its linkages to the external
environment can be classified as peripheral
devices or communication lines
 Central Processing Unit (CPU): Controls the
operation of the computer and performs its data
processing functions. Often simply referred to as
processor.
 Main Memory: Stores data.
 I/O: Moves data between the computer and its
external environment.
 System Interconnection: Some mechanism that
provides for communication among CPU, main
memory, and I/O
Structure

 There may be one or more of each of the above

components.
 Traditionally, there has been just a single CPU.
In recent years, there has been increasing use
of multiple processors, in a single system
Structure

 The most interesting and in some ways the most

complex component is the CPU. Its major
structural components are:
 Control Unit (CU): Controls the operation of the
CPU and hence the computer.
 Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU): Performs
computer’s data processing functions.
 Register: Provides storage internal to the CPU.
 CPU Interconnection: Some mechanism that
provides for communication among the control
unit, ALU, and register.
Structure