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21CSS101J – Programming for Problem Solving
Unit I
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COURSE LEARNING
RATIONALE The purpose of learning this
(CLR) course is to:
Think and evolve a logically to construct an algorithm into a flowchart
CLR -1: and a pseudocode that can be programmed
Utilize the appropriate operators and control statements to solve
CLR -2: problems in engineering

CLR -3: Store and retrieve data in a single and multidimensional array
Create custom designed functions to perform tasks in any application
CLR -4:
Create b a s i c A b s t r a c t Da t a Ty p e s w i t h p y t h o n
CLR -5:
Create aapplications using suitable python library functions for solving data
CLR -6: science problems
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COURSE
LEARNING At the end of this course, learners will be able
OUTCOMES to:
(CLO)
T o solve a problem through computer programming. List the basic
CLO - data types and variables in C
1:
To use appropriate data types in simple data processing applications. To create
CLO - programs using the concept of arrays.
2:
To create string processing applications with single and multi-
CLO - dimensional arrays.
3:
To Create user defined functions with required operations. To implement
CLO - pointers in application with dynamic memory requirements.
4:
To Create programs using the python data types, loops, control statements
CLO -
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LEARNING RESOURCES

S. No TEXT BOOKS

Zed A Shaw, Learn C the HardWay: Practical Exercises on the

1.
Computational SubjectsYou Keep Avoiding (Like C), AddisonWesley, 2015

W. Kernighan, Dennis M. Ritchie,The C Programming Language, 2nd ed.

2.
Prentice Hall, 1996

3. Bharat Kinariwala,Tep Dobry, Programming in C, eBook

4. http://www.c4learn.com/learn-c-programming-language/
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UNIT I
INTRODUCTION
Evolution of Programming & Languages - Problem Solving
through Programming - Creating Algorithms - Drawing
Flowcharts - Writing Pseudocode - Evolution of C language, its
usage history - Input and output functions: Printf and scanf -
Variables and identifiers – Expressions - Single line and
multiline comments - Constants, Keywords - Values, Names,
Scope, Binding, Storage Classes - Numeric Data types: integer -
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UNIT I
INTRODUCTION
floating point - Non-Numeric Data types: char and string -
Increment and decrement operator - Comma, Arrow and
Assignment operator - Bitwise and Sizeof operator
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1. 1 Evolution of Programming & Languages

 A Computer needs to be given instructions in a
programming
language that it understands
 Programming Language
 Artificial language that controls the behavior of computer
 Defined through the use of syntactic and semantic rules
 Used to facilitate communication about the task of organizing
and manipulating information
 Used to express algorithms precisely
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1. 1 Evolution of Programming & Languages Contd…

Period Programming Langugaes
1950’s Creation of high-level languages
1960’s Forth. Simula I. Lisp, Cobol
1970’s Pascal, C language
1980’s ML. Smalltalk, C++
1990’s Java, Perl, Python languages
2000 Internet Programming
2010 Concurrency and asynchronicity. JavaScript and Go language
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1. 2 Problem Solving through Programming

 Problem - Defined as any question, something involving doubt,
uncertainty, difficulty, situation whose solution is not immediately
obvious
 Computer Problem Solving
 Understand and apply logic
 Success in solving any problem is only possible after we have
made the effort to understand the problem at hand
 Extract from the problem statement a set of precisely defined
tasks
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1. 2 Problem Solving through Programming Contd…

i. Creative Thinking
 Proven method for approaching a challenge or opportunity in
an imaginative way
 Process for innovation that helps explore and reframe the
problems faced, come up with new, innovative responses and
solutions and then take action
 It is generative, nonjudgmental and expansive
 Thinking creatively, a lists of new ideas are generated
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1. 2 Problem Solving through Programming Contd…

ii. Critical Thinking
 Engages a diverse range of intellectual skills and activities
that are concerned with evaluating information, our
assumptions and our thinking processes in a disciplined way
so that we can think and assess information more
comprehensively
 It is Analytical, Judgmental and Selective
 Thinking critically allows a programmer in making choices
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1. 2 Problem Solving through Programming Contd…

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1. 2 Problem Solving through Programming Contd…

 Program - Set of instructions that instructs the computer to do
a task
 Programming Process
a) Defining the Problem
b) Planning the Solution
c) Coding the Program
d) Testing the Program
e) Documenting the Program
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1. 2 Problem Solving through Programming Contd…

 Problem Solving through Programming
To become a good programmer, there are several key skills that you should
develop:
• Logical thinking: Programming requires logical thinking, the ability to break
down complex problems into smaller, manageable parts, and to develop
algorithms to solve them.
• Attention to detail: Good programmers pay attention to detail, writing
clean, efficient, and error-free code.
• Persistence: Programming can be challenging, and it often requires
persistence and patience to debug and solve problems.
• Adaptability: Programming languages and technologies are constantly
evolving, so good programmers must be adaptable and willing to learn new
skills and techniques.
• Collaboration: Programming often involves working in teams, so good
programmers must be able to collaborate effectively with others, share
their ideas, and give and receive constructive feedback.
• Creativity: Programming can also be a creative process, requiring
programmers to come up with innovative solutions to problems and to
think outside the box.
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1. 2 Problem Solving through Programming Contd…

 A typical programming task can be divided into two phases:
i. Problem solving phase
 Produce an ordered sequence of steps that describe solution
of problem this sequence of steps is called an Algorithm
ii. Implementation phase
 Implement the program in some programming language
 Steps in Problem Solving
a) Produce a general algorithm (one can use pseudocode)
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1. 2 Problem Solving through Programming Contd…

b) Refine the algorithm successively to get step by step detailed
algorithm that is very close to a computer language
c) Pseudocode is an artificial and informal language that helps
programmers develop algorithms
 Pseudocode is very similar to everyday English
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1. 3 Creating Algorithms
 An informal definition of an algorithm is:

i
Algorithm: a step-by-step method for solving a
problem or doing a task.
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1. 3 Creating Algorithms Contd…

 What are Algorithms for?
A way to communicate about your problem/
solution with others
 A possible way to solve a given problem
 A "formalization" of a method, that will be proved
 A mandatory first step before implementing a solution
 Algorithm Definition - “A finite sequence of unambiguous,
executable steps or instructions, which, if followed would
ultimately terminate and give the solution of the problem”
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1. 3 Creating Algorithms
 Notations
 Starting point
 Step Numbers – Positions in Algorithm
Incoming Information - Input
 Control Flow – Order of evaluating Instructions
 Statements
 Outgoing Information - Output
 Ending Point
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1. 3 Creating Algorithms Contd…

 Properties of an algorithm
 Finite: The algorithm must eventually terminate
 Complete: Always give a solution when one exists
 Correct (sound): Always give a correct solution
 Rules of Writing an Algorithm
 Be consistent
 Have well Defined input and output
 Do not use any syntax of any specific programming language
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1. 3 Creating Algorithms Contd…

 Algorithm development process consists of five major steps
 Step 1: Obtain a description of the problem
 Step 2: Analyze the problem
 Step 3: Develop a high-level algorithm
 Step 4: Refine the algorithm by adding more detail
 Step 5: Review the algorithm
 Algorithm –To prepare juice with given fruit
1. Start
2. Input: Fruit type, quantity of fruit, additional ingredients (e.g., sugar, water, ice).
3. Select: Verify fruit is suitable for juicing (e.g., orange, mango, apple).
4. Wash Fruit: Wash the selected fruits thoroughly.
5. Peel or Cut: Peel the fruit if required (e.g., oranges, mangoes) or cut into smaller
pieces (e.g., apples, pineapples).
6. Blend: Place the prepared fruit pieces into a blender or juicer.
7. Add Ingredients: Add water, sugar, or other additives as per taste.
8. Juice: Blend the mixture until smooth or until juice is extracted.
9. Filter (optional): Strain the juice to remove pulp (optional, depending on the fruit and
preference).
10. Serve: Pour the juice into a glass and add ice if required.
11. End
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1. 3 Creating Algorithms Contd…

Example
 Problem

a) Develop an algorithm for finding the largest integer among a

list of positive integers
b) The algorithm should find the largest integer among a list of
any values
c) The algorithm should be general and not depend
on the number of integers
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1. 3 Creating Algorithms Contd…

 Solution

a) To solve this problem, we need an intuitive approach

b) First use a small number of integers (for example, five), then
extend the solution to any number of integers
c) The algorithm receives a list of five integers as
input and gives the largest integer as output
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1. 3 Creating Algorithms Contd…

Example 2: Print 1 to 20
 Step 1: Start

 Step 2: Initialize X as 0,

 Step 3: Increment X by 1,

 Step 4: Print X,

 Step 5: If X is less than 20 then go back to step 2.

 Step 6: Stop
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1. 3 Creating Algorithms Contd…

Example 3
Convert Temperature from Fahrenheit (℉) to Celsius
(℃)
 Step 1: Start

 Step 2: Read temperature in Fahrenheit

 Step 3: Calculate temperature with formula C=5/9*(F-32)

 Step 4: Print C

 Step 5: Stop
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1. 3 Creating Algorithms Contd…

Example 4
Algorithm to Add Two Numbers Entered by User
 Step 1: Start

 Step2: Declare variables num1, num2 and sum.

 Step 3: Read values num1 and num2.

 Step 4: Add num1 and num2 and assign the result to sum.
sum←num1+num2
 Step 5: Display sum Step 6: Stop
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1. 3 Creating Algorithms Contd…

 Write an Algorithm to:

1) Find the Largest among three different numbers

2) Find the roots of a Quadratic Equation
3) Find the Factorial of a Number
4) Check whether a number entered is Prime or not
5) Find the Fibonacci Series
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1. 3 Drawing Flowcharts
 Diagrammatic representation

 Illustrates sequence of operations to be performed

 Each step represented by a different symbol

 Each Symbol contains short description of the Process

 Symbols linked together by arrows

 Easy to understand diagrams

 Clear Documentation

 Helps clarify the understanding of the process

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1. 3 Drawing Flowcharts Contd…

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1. 3 Drawing Flowcharts Contd…

 Guidelines for Preparing Flowchart

 Logical order of requirements

 Ensure that Flowchart has logical Start and Stop

 Direction is from Top to bottom

 Only one flow line is used with Terminal Symbol

 Only one flow line should come out of a Process symbol

 Only one flow line should enter a Decision symbol but multiple

lines may leave the Decision symbol

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1. 3 Drawing Flowcharts Contd…

 Guidelines for Preparing Flowchart Contd…

 Write briefly within Symbols

 Use connectors to reduce number of flow lines

 Avoid intersection of flow lines

 Test Flowchart through simple test data

 Clear, Neat and easy to follow

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1. 3 Drawing Flowcharts Contd…

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1. 4 Writing Pseudocode
 Pseudo – Imitation / False

 Code – Instructions

 Goal: To provide a high level description of the Algorithm

 Benefit: Enables programmer to concentrate on Algorithm

 Similar to programming code

 Description of the Algorithm

 No specific Programming language notations

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1. 4 Writing Pseudocode Contd…

a) Guidelines for Writing Pseudo Code

 Write only one Statement per line

 Example – Pseudo Code for calculating Salary

1. READ name, hourly rate, hours worked, deduction rate

2. Gross pay = hourly rate * hours worked

3. deduction = gross pay * deduction rate

4. net pay = gross pay – deduction
5. WRITE name, gross, deduction, net pay
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1. 4 Writing Pseudocode Contd…
b) Capitalize Initial Keyword

 Keywords to be written in capital letters

 Examples: READ, WRITE, IF, ELSE, WHILE, REPEAT, PRINT
c) Indent to show Hierarchy
 Indentation shows the structure boundaries
 Sequence
 Selection
 Looping
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1. 4 Writing Pseudocode Contd…
d) End Multiline structures

 Each structure must end properly

 Example: IF statement must end with ENDIF
e) Keep Statements Language independent
 Resist the urge to write Pseudo
Code in any programming language
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1. 4 Writing Pseudocode Contd…
 Advantages
 Easily typed in a Word document
 Easily modified
 Simple to Use and understand
 Implements Structured Concepts
 No special symbols are used
 No specific syntax is used
 Easy to translate into Program
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1. 4 Writing Pseudocode Contd…
 Disadvantages
 No accepted Standard
 Cannot be compiled and executed
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1. 4 Writing Pseudocode Contd…
 Write an Pseudo Code to:

1) Add three numbers and Display the result

2) Calculate Sum and product of two numbers
3) Input examination marks and award grades according to the
following criteria:
a) > = 80 Distinction
b) > = 60 First Class
c) > = 50 Second Class
d) < 40 Fail
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1. 4 Writing Pseudocode Contd…
1. Pseudo Code to Add Three Numbers
⚫ Use Variables: sum, num1, num2, num3 of type integer
⚫ ACCEPT num1,num2,num3
⚫ Sum = num1+num2+num3
⚫ Print sum
⚫ End Program
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1. 4 Writing Pseudocode Contd…
2. Calculate Sum and product of two numbers
⚫ Use Variables: sum, product, num1, num2 of type real
⚫ DISPLAY “Input two Numbers”
⚫ ACCEPT num1,num2
⚫ Sum = num1+num2
⚫ Print “The sum is”, sum
⚫ product = num1*num2
⚫ Print “The product is”, product
⚫ End Program
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1. 4 Writing Pseudocode Contd…
3. Input examination marks and award grades
⚫ Use Variables: mark of type integer
⚫ If mark >=80 DISPLAY “Distinction”
⚫ If mark >=60 and mark <80 DISPLAY “First Class”
⚫ If mark >=50 and mark <60 DISPLAY “Second Class”
⚫ If mark <50 DISPLAY “Fail”
⚫ End Program
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1. 5 History & Evolution of C

 C – General Purpose Programming Language
 Developed by Dennis Ritchie in 1972
 Developed at Bell Laboratories
 Principles taken from BCPL and CPL
 Structured Programming Language
 C Program
 Collection of Functions
 Supported by C library
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1. 5 History & Evolution of C Cont…

Born On Father of CSeptember
Programming
9 1941: Dennis Ritchie
Born in Bronxville – New York
Full Name Dennis MacAlistair Ritchie
Nickname DMR
Nationality American
Graduate From Harvard University
Graduate In Physics and Applied Mathematics
Webpage http://cm.bell-labs.com/who/dmr/
Dead On October 12 2011
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1. 5 History & Evolution of C Cont…

1960
1967
1970
1972
1978
1989
1990
1999

Evolution of C
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1. 5 History & Evolution of C Cont…
 Why the Name “C” was given ?
Many of C’s principles and ideas were derived from the earlier
language B
 BCPL and CPL are the earlier ancestors of B Language (CPL is
common Programming Language)
 In 1967, BCPL Language ( Basic CPL ) was created as a scaled
down version of CPL
 As many of the features were derived from “B” Language
the new language was named as “C”.
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1. 5 History & Evolution of C Cont…
 Characteristics of ‘C’
 Low Level Language Support
 Structured Programming
 Extensive use of Functions
 Efficient use of Pointers
 Compactness
 Program Portability
 Loose Typing
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1. 5 History & Evolution of C Cont…
 Advantages of C
 Compiler based Language
 Programming – Easy & Fast
 Powerful and Efficient
 Portable
 Supports Graphics
 Supports large number of Operators
 Used to Implement Datastructures
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1. 5 History & Evolution of C Cont…
 Disadvantages of C
 Not a strongly typed Language
 Use of Same operator for multiple purposes
 Not Object Oriented
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1. 6 Structure of ‘C’ Program
 Structure based on Set of rules defined by the Compiler
 Sections
1) Documentation 5) Local Declaration
2) Preprocessor 6) Program Statements
3) Global Declaration
4) main( ) function
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1. 6 Structure of ‘C’ Program Contd…

 Rules for Writing a C Program
a) All statements should be written in lower case
b) All statements should end with a semicolon
c) Upper case letters are used for symbolic constants
d) Blank spaces can be inserted between words
e) No blank space while declaring a variable, keyword, constant
f) Can write one or more statement in same line separated by
comma
g) Opening and closing of braces should be balanced
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1. 6 Structure /*
ofProgram
‘C’ Program Contd…
to Find Area of Circle */ Commen
#include <stdio.h> t
#include <conio.h>
Preprocessor
Directives
const float pi = 3.14;
Global
void main( )
{ Declaration main
float area; Local Declaration &
Function
int r; Initialization
printf(“Enter the Radius of the Circle”);
scanf(“%d”, &r); Executio
area = pi * r * r; n
printf(“The area of the Circle is %f”, area);
getch( );
}
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1. 6 Structure of ‘C’ Program Contd…

1) Documentation Section
 Used for providing Comments
 Comment treated as a single white space by Compiler
 Ignored at time of Execution: Not Executable
 Comment: Sequence of Characters given between /* and */
 Example: Program Name, Statement description
/* Program to Find Area of a Circle*/
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1. 6 Structure of ‘C’ Program Contd…

2) Preprocessor Section
 Also called as Preprocessor Directive
 Also called as Header Files
 Not a part of Compiler
 Separate step in Compilation Process
 Instructs Compiler to do required Preprocessing
 Begins with # symbol
 Preprocessor written within < >
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1. 6 Structure of ‘C’ Program Contd…

 Examples
 #include <stdio.h>
 #include <conio.h>
 #include <math.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
 #define PI 3.1412
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1. 6 Structure of ‘C’ Program Contd…

Directive Description

#define Substitutes a preprocessor macro.

#include Inserts a particular header from another file.
#undef Undefines a preprocessor macro.
#ifdef Returns true if this macro is defined.
#ifndef Returns true if this macro is not defined.
#if Tests if a compile time condition is true.
#else The alternative for #if.
#elif #else and #if in one statement.
#endif Ends preprocessor conditional.
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1. 6 Structure of ‘C’ Program Contd…

Directive Description

#error Prints error message on stderr.

Issues special commands to the compiler, using a standardized
#pragma
method.
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1. 6 Structure of ‘C’ Program Contd…

3) Global Declaration Section
 Used to Declare Global variable (or) Public variable
 Variables are declared outside all functions
 Variables can be accessed by all functions in the program
 Same variable used by more than one function
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1. 6 Structure of ‘C’ Program Contd…

4) main( ) Section
 main( ) written in all small letters (No Capital Letters)
 Execution starts with a Opening Brace : {
 Divided into two sections: Declaration & Execution
 Declaration : Declare Variables
 Executable: Statements within the Braces
 Execution ends with a Closing Brace : }
 Note: main( ) does not end with a semicolon
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1. 6 Structure of ‘C’ Program Contd…

5) Local Declaration Section
 Variables declared within the main( ) program
 These variables are called Local Variables
 Variables initialized with basic data types
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1. 8 C Programming Fundamentals
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1. 8 C Programming Fundamentals Contd…

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1. 8 C Programming Fundamentals Contd…

C Token - Smallest
individual unit of a C
program
C program broken into
many C tokens
Building Blocks of C
program
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1. 9 Keywords
 Keywords – Conveys special meaning to Compiler
 Cannot be used as variable names
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1. 10 Constants
 Definition :Value does not change during execution
 Can be a Number (or) a Letter
 Types
 Integer Constants
 Real Constants
 Character Constant
 Single Character Constants
 String Constants
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INSTITUTE M
OF SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY,
CHENNAI.

1. 10 Constants Contd…
 SR
M AND TECHNOLOGY,
INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE
CHENNAI.

1. 11 Variables & Identifiers

 Identifier
 A string of alphanumeric characters that begins
with an alphabetic character or an underscore character
 There are 63 alphanumeric characters, i.e., 53
alphabetic
characters and 10 digits (i.e., 0-9)
 Used to represent various programming elements such as
variables, functions, arrays, structures, unions
 The underscore character is considered as a
letter in identifiers (Usually used in the middle of an
 SR
M AND TECHNOLOGY,
INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE
CHENNAI.

1. 11 Variables & Identifiers Contd…

 Rules for Identifers
 Combination of alphabets, digits (or) underscore
 First character should be a Alphabet
 No special characters other than underscore can be used
 No comma / spaces allowed within variable name
 A variable name cannot be a keyword
 Variable names are case sensitive
 Variable Definition :Value changes during execution
 Identifier for a memory location where data is stored
 SR
M AND TECHNOLOGY,
INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE
CHENNAI.
1. 11 Variables & Identifiers Contd…
 Variable name length cannot be more than 31 characters
 Examples: AVERAGE, height, a, b, sum,
mark_1, gross_pay
 Variable Declaration
 A variable must be declared before it is used
 Declaration consists of a data type followed by one or
more variable names separated by commas.
 Syntax
datatype variablename;
 SR
M AND TECHNOLOGY,
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CHENNAI.
1. 11 Variables & Identifiers Contd…
 Examples
int a, b, c, sum;
float avg;
char name;
 Variable
Initialization
 Assigning a value
to the declared
variable
 Values assigned
during
 SR
INSTITUTE M
OF SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY,
CHENNAI.
1. 11 Variables & Identifiers Contd…
 Examples
i. int a, b, c;
a=10, b=20, c=30;
ii. int a=10 ,b=10, c=10;
 Scope of Variables
 Local Variables
 Global Variables
 SR
M AND TECHNOLOGY,
INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE
CHENNAI.
1. 12 Scope of Variables
 Definition
 A scope in any programming is a region of the program
where a defined variable can have its existence and beyond
that variable it cannot be accessed
 Variable Scope is a region in a program where a variable is
declared and used
 The scope of a variable is the range of program statements that
can access that variable
 A variable is visible within its scope and invisible outside it
 SR
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CHENNAI.
1. 12 Scope of Variables Contd…
 There are three places where variables can be declared
a) Inside a function or a block which is called local variables
b) Outside of all functions which is called global variables
c) In the definition of function parameters which
are
called formal parameters
 SR
M AND TECHNOLOGY,
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CHENNAI.
1. 12 Scope of Variables Contd…
a) Local Variables
 Variables that are declared inside a function or
block are called local variables
 They can be used only by statements that are inside that
function or block of code
 Local variables are created when the control reaches the
block or function containing the local variables and then they
get destroyed after that
 Local variables are not known to functions outside their own
 /* Program for Demonstrating Local Variables*/
#include <stdio.h>
int main ( )
{
/* local variable declaration */
int a, b;
int c;
/
*

a
c
t
u
a
l
 SR
M AND TECHNOLOGY,
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CHENNAI.
1. 12 Scope of Variables Contd…
b) Global Variables
 Defined outside a function, usually on top of the program
 Hold their values throughout the lifetime of the program
 Can be accessed inside any of the functions defined for the
program
 Can be accessed by any function
 That is, a global variable is available for use throughout
the entire program after its declaration
 /* Program for Demonstrating Global Variables*/

#include <stdio.h>
/* global variable declaration */
int g;
int main ( )
{
/* local variable declaration */
int a, b;
/* actual initialization */
a = 10; b = 20;
g = a + b;
printf ("value of a = %d, b = %d and g = %d\n", a, b, g);
return 0;
}
 SR
M AND TECHNOLOGY,
INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE
CHENNAI.
1. 12 Scope of Variables Contd…
 Note: A program can have same name for local and global
variables but the value of local variable inside a function will
take preference
 SR
M AND TECHNOLOGY,
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CHENNAI.

1. 12 Datatypes
 Defines a variable before use
 Specifies the type of data to be stored in variables
 Basic Data Types – 4 Classes
a) int – Signed or unsigned number
b) float – Signed or unsigned number having Decimal Point
c) double – Double Precision Floating point number
d) char – A Character in the character Set
 Qualifiers
 SR
INSTITUTE M
OF SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY,
CHENNAI.

1. 12 Datatypes Contd…
 SR
INSTITUTE M
OF SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY,
CHENNAI.

1. 12 Datatypes Contd…
a) Integer Data Type
 Whole numbers with a range
 No fractional parts
 Integer variable holds integer values only
 Keyword: int
 Memory: 2 Bytes (16 bits) or 4 Bytes (32 bits)
 Qualifiers: Signed, unsigned, short, long
 Examples: 34012, 0, -2457
 SR
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CHENNAI.

1. 12 Datatypes Contd…
b) Floating Point Data Type
 Numbers having Fractional part
 Float provides precision of 6 digits
 Integer variable holds integer values only
 Keyword: float
 Memory: 4 Bytes (32 bits)
 Examples: 5.6, 0.375, 3.14756
 SR
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CHENNAI.

1. 12 Datatypes Contd…
c) Double Data Type
 Also handles floating point numbers
 Double provides precision of 14 digits
 Integer variable holds integer values only
 Keyword: float
 Memory: 8 Bytes (64 bits) or 10 Bytes (80 bits)
 Qualifiers: long, short
 SR
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CHENNAI.

1. 12 Datatypes Contd…
d) Character Data Type
 handles one character at a time
 Keyword: char
 Memory: 1 Byte (8 bits)
 SR
M AND TECHNOLOGY,
INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE
CHENNAI.

1. 13 Expressions
 Expression : An Expression is a collection of operators
and
operands that represents a specific value
 Operator : A symbol which performs tasks like
arithmetic
operations, logical operations and conditional operations
 Operands : The values on which the operators perform the task
 Expression Types in C
a) Infix Expression
b) Postfix Expression
 SR
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CHENNAI.

1. 13 Expressions Contd…
a) Infix Expression
 The operator is used between operands
 General Structure : Operand1 Operator Operand2
 Example : a + b
b) Postfix Expression
 Operator is used after operands
 General Structure : Operand1 Operand2 Operator
 Example : ab+
 SR
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1. 13 Expressions Contd…
c) Prefix Expression
 Operator is used before operands
 General Structure : Operator Operand1 Operand2
 Example : +ab
 SR
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CHENNAI.

1. 14 Input and Output Functions

 Ability to Communicate with Users during execution
 Input Operation
 Feeding data into program
 Data Transfer from Input device to Memory
 Output Operation
 Getting result from Program
 Data Transfer from Memory to Output device
 Header File : #include<stdio.h>
 SR
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TECHNOLOGY,
CHENNAI.

1. 14 Input and Output Functions Contd…

 Input / Output Function Types
a) Formatted Input / Output Statements
b) Unformatted Input / Output Statements
 SR
INSTITUTE M
OF SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY,
CHENNAI.

1. 14 Input and Output Functions Contd…

a) Formatted Input / Output Statements
 Reads and writes all types of data values
 Arranges data in particular format
 Requires Format Specifier to identify Data type
 Basic Format Specifiers
 %d – Integer
 %f – Float
 %c – Character
 %s - String
 SR
INSTITUTE M
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TECHNOLOGY,
CHENNAI.

1. 14 Input and Output Functions Contd…

i. The scanf ( ) Function
 Reads all types of input data
 Assignment of value to variable during Runtime
 Syntax
scanf(“Control String/Format Specifier”, &arg1, &arg2,… &argn)
 Control String / Format Specifier
 arg1, arg2.,,, arg n – Arguments (Variables)
 & - Address
 SR
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TECHNOLOGY,
CHENNAI.

1. 14 Input and Output Functions Contd…

/* Giving Direct Input in /*Getting Input using scanf ( )
Program */ function */

#include<stdio.h> #include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h> #include<conio.h>
void main( ) void main( )
{ {
int a; int a;
a=10; scanf(“%d”,
} &a);
}
 SR
INSTITUTE M
OF SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY,
CHENNAI.

1. 14 Input and Output Functions Contd…

/* Getting Multiple Input using /* Getting Multiple Different Inputs
scanf ( ) function */ using scanf ( ) function */
#include<stdio.h> #include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h> #include<conio.h>
void main( ) void main( )
{ {
int a, b, c; int a, b;
scanf(“%d%d float c;
%d”,&a,&b,&c) scanf(“
; %d%d
} } %f”,&a,
&b,&c)
 SR
M AND TECHNOLOGY,
INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE
CHENNAI.

1. 14 Input and Output Functions Contd…

/* Getting Multiple Input using scanf ( ) function */
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main( )
{
int a, b;
float c;
scanf(“
%d
%d”,
&a,
&b);
 SR
M AND TECHNOLOGY,
INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE
CHENNAI.

1. 14 Input and Output Functions Contd…

ii. The printf ( ) Function
 To print Instructions / Output onto the Screen
 Requires Format Specifiers & Variable
names to print
data
 Syntax
printf(“Control String/Format Specifier”,arg1,arg2,… argn)
 Control String / Format Specifier
 arg1, arg2.,,, arg n – Arguments (Variables)
 SR
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OF SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY,
CHENNAI.

1. 14 Input and Output Functions Contd…

/* Example 1 – Using printf ( ) & scanf ( ) function */
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main( )
{
int a;
printf(“Enter the Value of a”);
scanf(“%d”, &a);
printf(“Value of a is %d”, a);
getch( );
 SR
INSTITUTE M
OF SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY,
CHENNAI.

1. 14 Input and Output Functions Contd…

/* Example 2 – Using printf ( ) & scanf ( ) function */
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main( )
{
int a, b, c;
printf(“Enter the Value of a, b & c”);
scanf(“%d %d %d”, &a, &b, &c);
printf(“Value of a, b & c is %d%d%d”, a, b, c);
getch ( );
/* Example 3 – Using printf ( ) & scanf ( ) function */
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main( )
{
int a, b;
float c;
printf(“Enter the Value of a & b”);
scanf(“%d %d”, &a, &b);
printf(“Enter the Value of a & b”);
scanf(“%f ”, &c);
printf(“Value of a, b is %d%d”, a, b);
printf(“Value of c is %f”, c);
getch ( );
}
 SR
INSTITUTE M
OF SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY,
CHENNAI.

1. 14 Input and Output Functions Contd…

/* Example 4 – Using printf ( ) & scanf ( ) function */
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main( )
{
int a, b;
float c;
printf(
“Enter
the
Value
of a, b
 SR
INSTITUTE M
OF SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY,
CHENNAI.

1. 14 Input and Output Functions Contd…

 Try it Out Yourself ! Write a C program to:

1) Add two numbers

2) To Multiply two floating point numbers

3) To compute Quotient and Remainder

4) To Swap two numbers

 SR
INSTITUTE M
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TECHNOLOGY,
CHENNAI.

1. 14 Input and Output Functions Contd…

b) Unformatted Input / Output Statements
 Works only with Character Data type
 No need of Format Specifier
 Unformatted Input Statements
from
i. getch
Keyboard ( ) – Reads alphanumeric
characters
ii. getchar ( ) – Reads one character at a time till enter key
is pressed
 SR
M AND TECHNOLOGY,
INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE
CHENNAI.

1. 14 Input and Output Functions Contd…

iii. gets ( ) – Accepts any string from Keyboard until Enter
Key
is pressed
 Unformatted Output Statements
i. putch ( ) – Writes alphanumeric characters to
Monitor
(Output Device)
ii. putchar ( ) – Prints one character at a time
iii. puts ( ) – Prints a String to Monitor (Output Device)
 SR
M AND TECHNOLOGY,
INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE
CHENNAI.

1. 16 Single Line and Multiline Comments

 Comment – Definition
 Used to provide information about lines of code
 Provide clarity to the C source code
 Allows others to better understand what the
code was
intended to
 Helps in debugging the code
 Important in large projects hundreds or
containing
thousands of lines of source code
 Types – Single line and multiline comment
 SR
M AND TECHNOLOGY,
INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE
CHENNAI.

1. 16 Single Line and Multiline Comments Contd…

a) Single Line Comment
 Represented by double slash //

#include<stdio.h>
int main( ){
//printing information
printf("Hello C");
return 0;
}
 SR
M AND TECHNOLOGY,
INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE
CHENNAI.

1. 16 Single Line and Multiline Comments Contd…

b) Multi-Line Comment
 Represented by slash asterisk \* ... *\

#include<stdio.h>
int main( ){
/*printing information
Multi Line Comment*/
printf("Hello C");
return 0;
}
 SR
M AND TECHNOLOGY,
INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE
CHENNAI.

1. 16 Single Line and Multiline Comments Contd…

Single-Line Comments Multi-Line Comment

Starts with /* and ends with */ Starts with //

All Words and Statements written Statements after the symbol //

between /* and */ are ignored upto the end of line are ignored

Comment Ends whenever

Comment ends when */ Occures ENTER is Pressed and New
Line Starts

e.g /* Program for Factorial */ e.g // Program for Fibonacci

 SR
M AND TECHNOLOGY,
INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE
CHENNAI.

1. 15 Operators in C
 C supports rich set of built in Operators
 Used to manipulate Constants (Data) & Variables
 Part of Mathematical (or) Logical expressions
 Operators vs Operands
 Operator – Definition
 Symbol (or) Special character that instructs the compiler
to perform mathematical (or) Logical operations
 SR
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CHENNAI.

1. 15 Operators in C Contd…
 Classification of Operators
a) Increment & Decrement Operators
b) Comma Operator
c) Arrow Operator
d) Assignment Operators
e) Bitwise Operators
f) Sizeof Operator
 SR
M AND TECHNOLOGY,
INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE
CHENNAI.

1. 15 Operators in C Contd…
a) Increment and Decrement Operators
 Increment and decrement operators are unary
operators that add or subtract one from their operand
 C languages feature two versions (pre- and post-) of each
operator
 Operator placed before variable (Pre)
 Operator placed after variable (Post)
 The increment operator is written as ++ and the decrement
operator is written as --
 SR
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OF SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY,
CHENNAI.

1. 15 Operators in C Contd…
a) Increment and Decrement Operators Contd…
 Classification
 Pre Increment Operator
 Post Increment Operator
 Pre Decrement Operator
 Post Decrement Operator
 SR
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CHENNAI.

1. 15 Operators in C Contd…
a) Increment and Decrement Operators Contd…
 Syntax
(pre)++variable_name; (pre)- -variable_name;
(Or)
variable_name++ (post); variable_name – (Post);
 Examples
 ++count, ++a, ++i, +
+count
 Count++, a++, i++, count++
 SR
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CHENNAI.

1. 15 Operators in C Contd…
a)NoIncrement
S. and
Operator Decrement
type Operators Contd…
Operator Description
Value of i is incremented before
1 Pre Increment ++i
assigning it to variable i.
Value of i is incremented after
2 Post Increment i++
assigning it to variable i.
Value of i is decremented before
3 Pre Decrement -- i
assigning it to variable i.
Post Value of i is decremented after
4 i --
Decrement assigning it to variable i.
 /* Program for Post Increment*/
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main( )
{
int i = 0;
while (i+ + < 5)
{
printf(“%d
} ”, i); }
getch
( );
}
Output
12345
 SR
M AND TECHNOLOGY,
INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE
CHENNAI.

1. 15 Operators in C Contd…
a) Increment and Decrement Operators Contd…
 Step 1 : In this program, value of i “0” is compared with 5
in while expression.
 Step 2 : Then, value of “i” is incremented from 0 to 1 using post-
increment operator.
 Step 3 : Then, this incremented value “1” is assigned to
the
variable “i”.
 Above 3 steps are continued until while expression
becomes false and output is displayed as “1 2 3 4 5”.
 /* Program for Pre Increment*/
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main( )
{
int i = 0;
while (+
+i< = 5)
{
} printf(“%d}
getch ”, i );
( );
}
Output
12345
 SR
M AND TECHNOLOGY,
INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE
CHENNAI.

1. 15 Operators in C Contd…
a) Increment and Decrement Operators Contd…
 Step 1 : In above program, value of “i” is incremented from 0 to 1
using pre-increment operator.
 Step 2 : This incremented value “1” is compared with 5 in while
expression.
 Step 3 : Then, this incremented value “1” is assigned to
the
variable “i”.
 Above 3 steps are continued until while expression becomes false
and output is displayed as “1 2 3 4”.
 /* Program for Post Decrement*/
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main( )
{
int i = 10;
while (i--> 5)
{
printf(“%d
} ”, i ); }
getch
( );
}
Output
98765
 SR
M AND TECHNOLOGY,
INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE
CHENNAI.

1. 15 Operators in C Contd…
a) Increment and Decrement Operators Contd…
 Step 1 : In this program, value of i “10” is compared with 5
in while expression.
 Step 2 : Then, value of “i” is decremented from 10 to 9 using post-
decrement operator.
 Step 3 : Then, this decremented value “9” is assigned to
the
variable “i”.
 Above 3 steps are continued until while expression
becomes false and output is displayed as “9 8 7 6 5”.
 /* Program for Pre Decrement*/
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main( )
{
int i = 10;
while (--i> 5)
{
printf(“%d
} ”, i); }
getch
( );
}
Output
9876
 SR
M AND TECHNOLOGY,
INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE
CHENNAI.

1. 15 Operators in C Contd…
a) Increment and Decrement Operators Contd…
 Step 1 : In above program, value of “i” is decremented from 10 to
9 using pre-decrement operator.
 Step 2 : This decremented value “9” is compared with 5 in while
expression.
 Step 3 : Then, this decremented value “9” is assigned to
the
variable “i”.
 Above 3 steps are continued until while expression becomes false
and output is displayed as “9 8 7 6”.
 SR
M AND TECHNOLOGY,
INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE
CHENNAI.

1. 15 Operators in C Contd…
b) Comma Operator
 Special operator which separates the declaration of multiple
variables
 Has Lowest Precedence i.e it is having lowest priority so it is
evaluated at last
 Returns the value of the rightmost operand when multiple
comma operators are used inside an expression
 Acts as Operator in an Expression and as a
Separator while Declaring Variables
 SR
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TECHNOLOGY,
CHENNAI.

1. 15 Operators in C Contd…
b) Comma Operator Contd…
#include<stdio.h>
int main( )
{
int i, j;
i=(j=10, j+20);
printf(“i =
%d\n j = %d\
n” , i,j );
return 0;
 SR
M AND TECHNOLOGY,
INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE
CHENNAI.

1. 15 Operators in C Contd…
c) Arrow Operator (->)
 Arrow operator is used to access the structure
members when we use pointer variable to access it
 When pointer to a structure is used then arrow operator is
used
 SR
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CHENNAI.

1. 15 Operators in C Contd…
d) Assignment Operators
 Assigns result of expression to a variable
 Performs Arithmetic and Assignment operations
 Commonly used Assignment operator: =
 Syntax variable = expression;
 Examples
 num = 25; age = 18; pi = 31.4; area = 3.14 * r * r;
 SR
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CHENNAI.

1. 15 Operators in C Contd…
 Shorthand Assignment Operators
Simple Assignment
Shorthand Operator
Operator
a=a+1 a+=1
a=a–1 a-=1
a=a*2 a*=2
a=a/b a/=b
a=a%b a%=b
c = c * (a + b) c *= (a + b)
b = b / (a + b) b /=(a + b)
 /* Program for Assignment Operations*/
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main( )
{
int a;
a = 11;
a+ = 4;
printf(“Value of A is %d\
n”,a); a = 11;
a- = 4;
printf(“Value of A is %d\
n”,a); a = 11;
a* = 4;
printf(“Value of A is %d\
n”,a); a = 11; a/ = 4;
 printf(“Value of A is %d\ n”,a);
a = 11;
a% = 4;
printf(“Value of A is %d\
n”,a); getch ( );
}
Output
Value of A is
15 Value of
A is 7
Value of A is
44 Value of
A is 2
Value of A is
3
FAHRENHEIT TO CELSIUS CONVERSION

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
float farenheit, celcius,x;
printf("Enter the degrees in farenheit:\n");
scanf("%f", &farenheit);
x=farenheit-32;
celsius = x/1.8;
printf("\nThe Celsius Value is %6.2f C", celsius);
getch();
}
LARGEST OF THREE NUMBERS
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int a,b,c;
printf(“Enter the three numbers: “);
scanf(“%d%d%d”,&a,&b,&c);
if(a>b&&a>c)
printf(“The biggest number is: %d”,a);
else if(b>a&&b>c)
printf(“The biggest number is: %d”,b);

else
printf(“The biggest number is: %d”,c);
}
Q1-You have a certain number of 100 rupee notes, 10 rupee notes and 1 rupee notes
with you.
There is an item you want to buy whose price is given to you.
Write a program to find if the item is affordable, that is the price of the item is less
than or equal to the current money you have.

Input
Four non negative integers.
The first input is an integer representing the number of 100 rupee notes.
The second input is an integer representing the number of 10 rupee notes.
The third input is an integer representing the number of 1 rupee notes.
The fourth input is an integer representing the price of the item.

Output
You have to output 1 if the item is affordable.
You have to output 0 if the item is not affordable.
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int hundreds, tens, ones;
int price;
int money;
scanf("%d", &hundreds);
scanf("%d", &tens);
scanf("%d", &ones);
scanf("%d", &price);
money=hundreds*100+tens*10+ones;
if (price <= money){
printf("1");
}
else{
printf("0");
return 0;
}
}
Q2- Given three distinct integers a b and c, write a C program to find the second
largest number among them.

Input
Three distinct integers a b c.
The first input is the integer a.
The second input is the integer b.
The third input is is the integer c.

Output
The second largest among a, b and c
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int a, b,c;
scanf("%d%d%d", &a,&b,&c);
if(a>=b && a>=c)
{
if(b>=c)
printf("%d",b);
else
printf("%d", c);
}
else if(b>=a && b>=c)
{
if (a>=c)
printf("%d",a);
else
printf("%d", c);
}
else
{
if(b>=a)
printf("%d",b);
else
printf("%d",a);
}
return 0;
}
THANK
YOU