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Addressing-Class

The document explains IP addresses, focusing on classful addressing, which divides the address space into five classes (A, B, C, D, and E) and outlines the binary and dotted-decimal notations for IP addresses. It provides examples of converting between notations, identifying address classes, and calculating network addresses using default masks. Additionally, it discusses private addresses and the types of communication (unicast, multicast, and broadcast) associated with IP addressing.

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5 views

Addressing-Class

The document explains IP addresses, focusing on classful addressing, which divides the address space into five classes (A, B, C, D, and E) and outlines the binary and dotted-decimal notations for IP addresses. It provides examples of converting between notations, identifying address classes, and calculating network addresses using default masks. Additionally, it discusses private addresses and the types of communication (unicast, multicast, and broadcast) associated with IP addressing.

Uploaded by

sumipriyaa
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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IP Addresses:

Classful Addressing
An IP address is a
32-bit
address.
The IP addresses
are
unique.
RULE:
…………..
addr1 …………..
If a protocol uses N bits to
addr15
define
addr2an…………..
address, …………..
the address space is 2N
…………..
because each bitaddr41
can haveaddr226
two
addr31
different values (0 and
………….. 1)
…………..
and N bits can have 2N values.
The address space of IPv4 is
232
or
4,294,967,296.
Binary Notation

01110101 10010101 00011101 11101010


Dotted-decimal notation
Example 1

Change the following IP address from binary


notation to dotted-decimal notation.
10000001 00001011 00001011 11101111

Solution

129.11.11.239
Example 2

Change the following IP address from


dotted-decimal notation to binary notation.
111.56.45.78

Solution

01101111 00111000 00101101 01001110


Example 3

Find the error, if any, in the following IP


address:
111.56.045.78

Solution

There are no leading zeroes in


dotted-decimal notation (045).
Example 3 (continued)

Find the error, if any, in the following IP


address:
75.45.301.14

Solution

In dotted-decimal notation,
each number is less than or
equal to 255; 301 is outside this range.
CLASSFUL
ADDRESSING
Figure 4-2
Occupation of the address space
In classful addressing,
the address space is
divided into five classes:
A, B, C, D, and E.
Figure 4-3

Finding the class in binary notation


Figure 4-4
Finding the address class
Example 5

How can we prove that we have


2,147,483,648 addresses in class A?
Solution

In class A, only 1 bit defines the class.


The remaining 31 bits are available
for the address. With 31 bits,
we can have 231 or 2,147,483,648 addresses.
Example 6

Find the class of the address:


00000001 00001011 00001011 11101111

Solution

The first bit is 0. This is a class A address.


Example 6 (Continued)

Find the class of the address:


11000001 10000011 00011011 11111111

Solution

The first 2 bits are 1; the third bit is 0.


This is a class C address.
Figure 4-5

Finding the class in decimal notation


Example 7

Find the class of the address:


227.12.14.87

Solution

The first byte is 227 (between 224 and 239);


the class is D.
Example 7 (Continued)

Find the class of the address:


193.14.56.22

Solution

The first byte is 193 (between 192 and 223);


the class is C.
Example 8

In Example 4 we showed that class A has 231


(2,147,483,648) addresses. How can we
prove this same fact using dotted-decimal
notation?
Figure 4-6
Netid and hostid
Figure 4-7
Blocks in class A
Millions of class A addresses
are wasted.
Figure 4-8
Blocks in class B
Many class B addresses
are wasted.
Figure 4-9
Blocks in class C
The number of addresses in
a class C block
is smaller than
the needs of most organizations.
Class D addresses
are used for multicasting;
there is only
one block in this class.
Class E addresses are reserved
for special purposes;
most of the block is wasted.
Network Addresses
The network address is the first address in a
block.
The network address defines the network to the
rest of the Internet.
Given the network address, we can find the
class of the address, the block, and the range of
the addresses in the block
In classful addressing,
the network address
(the first address in the block)
is the one that is assigned
to the organization.
Example 9

Given the network address 17.0.0.0, find the


class, the block, and the range of the
addresses.

Solution

The class is A because the first byte is between


0 and 127. The block has a netid of 17.
The addresses range from 17.0.0.0 to
17.255.255.255.
Example 10

Given the network address 132.21.0.0, find


the class, the block, and the range of the
addresses.

Solution

The class is B because the first byte is between


128 and 191. The block has a netid of
132.21. The addresses range from
132.21.0.0 to 132.21.255.255.
Example 11

Given the network address 220.34.76.0, find


the class, the block, and the range of the
addresses.

Solution

The class is C because the first byte is between


192 and 223. The block has a netid of 220.34.76.
The addresses range from 220.34.76.0
to 220.34.76.255.
Mask
A mask is a 32-bit binary number that gives the
first address in the block (the network address)
when bitwise ANDed with an address in the
block.
Figure 4-10
Masking concept
Figure 4-11
AND operation
The network address is the
beginning address of each block.
It can be found by applying
the default mask to
any of the addresses in the block
(including itself).
It retains the netid of the block
and sets the hostid to zero.
Example 12

Given the address 23.56.7.91 and the default


class A mask, find the beginning address
(network address).

Solution

The default mask is 255.0.0.0, which means


that only the first byte is preserved
and the other 3 bytes are set to 0s.
The network address is 23.0.0.0.
Example 13

Given the address 132.6.17.85 and the


default class B mask, find the beginning
address (network address).

Solution

The default mask is 255.255.0.0, which means


that the first 2 bytes are preserved
and the other 2 bytes are set to 0s.
The network address is 132.6.0.0.
Example 14

Given the address 201.180.56.5 and the class


C default mask, find the beginning
address (network address).

Solution

The default mask is 255.255.255.0,


which means that the first 3 bytes are
preserved and the last byte is set to 0.
The network address is 201.180.56.0.
We must not
apply the default mask
of one class to
an address belonging
to another class.
Private Addresses

A number of blocks in each class are assigned


for private use. They are not recognized
globally.
Class A – 10.0.0 – 1 Block
Class B – 172.16 to 172.31 – 16 Blocks
Class C – 192.168.0 to 192.168.255 – 256 Blocks
Unicast, Multicast, and
Broadcast Addresses
Unicast communication is one-to-one.

Multicast communication is one-to-many.

Broadcast communication is one-to-all.


A SAMPLE
INTERNET
WITH
CLASSFUL
ADDRESSES
Figure 4-19
Sample internet

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