Chapter 7 Single-Dimensional

Arrays

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 Objectives
 To describe why arrays are necessary in programming (§7.1).
 To declare array reference variables and create arrays (§§7.2.1–7.2.2).
 To obtain array size using arrayRefVar.length and know default values in an array (§7.2.3).
 To access array elements using indexes (§7.2.4).
 To declare, create, and initialize an array using an array initializer (§7.2.5).
 To program common array operations (displaying arrays, summing all elements, finding the
minimum and maximum elements, random shuffling, and shifting elements) (§7.2.6).
 To simplify programming using the foreach loops (§7.2.7).
 To apply arrays in application development (AnalyzeNumbers, DeckOfCards) (§§7.3–7.4).
 To copy contents from one array to another (§7.5).
 To develop and invoke methods with array arguments and return values (§§7.6–7.8).
 To define a method with a variable-length argument list (§7.9).
 To search elements using the linear (§7.10.1) or binary (§7.10.2) search algorithm.
 To sort an array using the selection sort approach (§7.11).
 To use the methods in the java.util.Arrays class (§7.12).
 To pass arguments to the main method from the command line (§7.13).

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 Introducing Arrays
Array is a data structure that represents a collection of the same types
of data. To use an array in a program, you must declare a variable to
reference the array and specify the array’s element type.

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 Declaring Array Variables
 datatype[] arrayRefVar;
Example:
double[] myList;

 datatype arrayRefVar[]; // This style is

allowed, but not preferred
Example:
double myList[];

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 Creating Arrays
arrayRefVar = new datatype[arraySize];
 This statement does two things: (1) it creates an array using
new elementType[arraySize]; (2) it assigns the reference of the
newly created array to the variable arrayRefVar.

Example:
myList = new double[10];

myList[0] references the first element in the array.

myList[9] references the last element in the array.

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 Declaring and Creating in One Step

 datatype[] arrayRefVar = new datatype[arraySize];

Ex: double[] myList = new double[10];

 datatype arrayRefVar[] = new datatype[arraySize];

Ex: double myList[] = new double[10];

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 Example

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 The Length of an Array
Once an array is created, its size is fixed. It cannot be
changed. You can find its size using

arrayRefVar.length

For example,

myList.length returns 10

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 Default Values
When an array is created, its elements are
assigned the default value of

 0 for the numeric primitive data types,

 '\u0000' for char types

 false for boolean types.

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 Indexed Variables
The array elements are accessed through the index. The
array indices are 0-based, i.e., it starts from 0 to
arrayRefVar.length-1. In the example in Figure 6.1,
myList holds ten double values and the indices are
from 0 to 9.

Each element in the array is represented using the

following syntax, known as an indexed variable:

arrayRefVar[index];

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 Using Indexed Variables
After an array is created, an indexed variable can
be used in the same way as a regular variable.
For example, the following code adds the value
in myList[0] and myList[1] to myList[2].

myList[2] = myList[0] + myList[1];

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 Array Initializers
 Declaring, creating, initializing in one step:
Syntax:

elementType[] arrayRefVar = {value0, value1, ..., valuek};

Example:
double[] myList = {1.9, 2.9, 3.4, 3.5};

This shorthand syntax must be in one statement.

The following is WRONG.
double[] myList; myList = {1.9, 2.9, 3.4, 3.5};

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 Declaring, creating, initializing
Using the Shorthand Notation
double[] myList = {1.9, 2.9, 3.4, 3.5};

This shorthand notation is equivalent to the

following statements:
double[] myList = new double[4];
myList[0] = 1.9;
myList[1] = 2.9;
myList[2] = 3.4;
myList[3] = 3.5;

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 Trace Program with Arrays
Declare array variable values, create an
array, and assign its reference to values

public class Test {

public static void main(String[] args) { After the array is created

int[] values = new int[5];

0 0
for (int i = 1; i < 5; i++) { 1 0
values[i] = i + values[i-1]; 2 0
} 3 0

values[0] = values[1] + values[4]; 4 0

}
}

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 Trace Program with Arrays
i becomes 1

public class Test {

public static void main(String[] args) {
After the array is created
int[] values = new int[5];
for (int i = 1; i < 5; i++) { 0 0

values[i] = i + values[i-1]; 1 0

} 2 0

values[0] = values[1] + values[4]; 3 0

0
} 4

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 Trace Program with Arrays
i (=1) is less than 5

public class Test {

public static void main(String[] args) {
int[] values = new int[5]; After the array is created

for (int i = 1; i < 5; i++) { 0 0

values[i] = i + values[i-1]; 1 0
} 2 0

values[0] = values[1] + values[4]; 3 0

} 4 0

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eleventh Edition, (c) 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd.
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 Trace Program with Arrays
After this line is executed, value[1] is 1

public class Test {

public static void main(String[] args) { After the first iteration

int[] values = new int[5]; 0 0

for (int i = 1; i < 5; i++) { 1 1
values[i] = i + values[i-1]; 2 0
} 3 0

values[0] = values[1] + values[4]; 4 0

}
}

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eleventh Edition, (c) 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd.
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 Trace Program with Arrays
After i++, i becomes 2

public class Test {

public static void main(String[] args) {
int[] values = new int[5]; After the first iteration

for (int i = 1; i < 5; i++) {

0 0
values[i] = i + values[i-1]; 1 1

} 2 0

values[0] = values[1] + values[4]; 3 0

4 0
}
}

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 Trace Program with Arrays
i (= 2) is less than 5
public class Test {
public static void main(String[]
args) {
int[] values = new int[5]; After the first iteration

for (int i = 1; i < 5; i++) {

0 0
values[i] = i + values[i-1]; 1 1

} 2 0

values[0] = values[1] + 3 0

values[4]; 4 0

}
}

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eleventh Edition, (c) 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd.
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 Trace Program with Arrays
After this line is executed,
values[2] is 3 (2 + 1)

public class Test {

public static void main(String[] args) { After the second iteration

int[] values = new int[5]; 0 0

for (int i = 1; i < 5; i++) { 1 1
values[i] = i + values[i-1]; 2 3
} 3 0

values[0] = values[1] + values[4]; 4 0

}
}

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eleventh Edition, (c) 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd.
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 Trace Program with Arrays
After this, i becomes 3.

public class Test {

public static void main(String[] args) { After the second iteration

int[] values = new int[5]; 0 0

for (int i = 1; i < 5; i++) { 1 1
values[i] = i + values[i-1]; 2 3
} 3 0

values[0] = values[1] + values[4]; 4 0

}
}

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eleventh Edition, (c) 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd.
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 Trace Program with Arrays
i (=3) is still less than 5.

public class Test {

public static void main(String[] args) { After the second iteration

int[] values = new int[5]; 0 0

for (int i = 1; i < 5; i++) { 1 1
values[i] = i + values[i-1]; 2 3
} 3 0

values[0] = values[1] + values[4]; 4 0

}
}

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eleventh Edition, (c) 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd.
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 Trace Program with Arrays
After this line, values[3] becomes 6 (3 + 3)

public class Test {

public static void main(String[] args) { After the third iteration

int[] values = new int[5]; 0 0

for (int i = 1; i < 5; i++) { 1 1
values[i] = i + values[i-1]; 2 3
} 3 6

values[0] = values[1] + values[4]; 4 0

}
}

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eleventh Edition, (c) 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd.
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 Trace Program with Arrays
After this, i becomes 4

public class Test {

public static void main(String[] args) { After the third iteration

int[] values = new int[5]; 0 0

for (int i = 1; i < 5; i++) { 1 1
values[i] = i + values[i-1]; 2 3
} 3 6

values[0] = values[1] + values[4]; 4 0

}
}

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eleventh Edition, (c) 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd.
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 Trace Program with Arrays
i (=4) is still less than 5

public class Test {

public static void main(String[] args) { After the third iteration

int[] values = new int[5]; 0 0

for (int i = 1; i < 5; i++) { 1 1
values[i] = i + values[i-1]; 2 3
} 3 6

values[0] = values[1] + values[4]; 4 0

}
}

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 Trace Program with Arrays
After this, values[4] becomes 10 (4 + 6)

public class Test {

public static void main(String[] args) { After the fourth iteration

int[] values = new int[5]; 0 0

for (int i = 1; i < 5; i++) { 1 1
values[i] = i + values[i-1]; 2 3
} 3 6

values[0] = values[1] + values[4]; 4 10

}
}

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eleventh Edition, (c) 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd.
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 Trace Program with Arrays
After i++, i becomes 5

public class Test {

public static void main(String[] args) {
int[] values = new int[5];
for (int i = 1; i < 5; i++) {
values[i] = i + values[i-1];
After the fourth iteration
}
values[0] = values[1] + values[4]; 0 0
} 1
1
}
2 3

3 6

4 10

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 Trace Program with Arrays
i ( =5) < 5 is false. Exit the loop

public class Test {

public static void main(String[] args) {
int[] values = new int[5];
for (int i = 1; i < 5; i++) { After the fourth iteration
values[i] = i + values[i-1];
} 0 0

values[0] = values[1] + values[4]; 1

2
1

3
} 3 6

} 4 10

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 Trace Program with Arrays
After this line, values[0] is 11 (1 + 10)

public class Test {

public static void main(String[] args) {
int[] values = new int[5];
for (int i = 1; i < 5; i++) { 0 11

values[i] = i + values[i-1]; 1 1

} 2 3

values[0] = values[1] + values[4]; 3 6

} 4 10
}

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 Processing Arrays
See the examples in the text.
1. (Initializing arrays with input values)
2. (Initializing arrays with random values)
3. (Printing arrays)
4. (Summing all elements)
5. (Finding the largest element)
6. (Finding the smallest index of the largest element)
7. (Random shuffling)
8. (Shifting elements)

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 Initializing arrays with input values
java.util.Scanner input = new java.util.Scanner(System.in);

System.out.print("Enter " + myList.length + " values: ");

for (int i = 0; i < myList.length; i++)
myList[i] = input.nextDouble();

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 Initializing arrays with random values

for (int i = 0; i < myList.length; i++) {

myList[i] = Math.random() * 100;
}

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 Printing arrays

for (int i = 0; i < myList.length; i++) {

System.out.print(myList[i] + " ");
}

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 Summing all elements

double total = 0;
for (int i = 0; i < myList.length; i++) {
total += myList[i];
}

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 Finding the largest element

double max = myList[0];

for (int i = 1; i < myList.length; i++) {
if (myList[i] > max) max = myList[i];
}

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 Random shuffling
for (int i = 0; i < myList.length - 1; i++) { myList
// Generate an index j randomly i [0] .
int j = (int)(Math.random() [1] .
* myList.length); .
[i] .
// Swap myList[i] with myList[j] .
double temp = myList[i]; . swap
myList[i] = myList[j]; A random index [j]
myList[j] = temp;
}

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 Shifting Elements

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 Enhanced for Loop (for-each loop)
Java supports a convenient for loop, known as a foreach loop, which enables you
to traverse the array sequentially without using an index variable. For example, the
following code displays all the elements in the array myList:

for (double value: myList)

System.out.println(value);
You can read the code as “for each element value in myList, do the following.”
Note that the variable, value, must be declared as the same type as the elements in
myList.

In general, the syntax is

for (elementType value: arrayRefVar) {
// Process the value
}
You still have to use an index variable if you wish to traverse the array in a
different order or change the elements in the array.

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Example: Analyze Numbers

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 Copying Arrays
 Often, in a program, you need to duplicate an array or a part of an
array. Do NOT the use the assignment statement (=) since, this
statement does not copy the contents of the array referenced by
list1 to list2, but instead merely copies the reference value from
list1 to list2.
 list1 and list2 reference the same array

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 Copying Arrays
Using a loop:
int[] sourceArray = {2, 3, 1, 5, 10};
int[] targetArray = new int[sourceArray.length];

for (int i = 0; i < sourceArrays.length; i++)

targetArray[i] = sourceArray[i];

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The arraycopy Utility

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 Passing Arrays to Methods
public static void printArray(int[] array) {
for (int i = 0; i < array.length; i++) {
System.out.print(array[i] + " ");
}
}

Invoke the method

int[] list = {3, 1, 2, 6, 4, 2};

printArray(list);

Invoke the method

printArray(new int[]{3, 1, 2, 6, 4, 2});

Anonymous array

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 Anonymous Array
The statement
printArray(new int[]{3, 1, 2, 6, 4, 2});
creates an array using the following syntax:
new dataType[]{literal0, literal1, ..., literalk};
There is no explicit reference variable for the array.
Such array is called an anonymous array.

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 Pass By Value
Java uses pass by value to pass arguments to a method. There
are important differences between passing a value of variables
of primitive data types and passing arrays.

 For a parameter of a primitive type value, the actual value is

passed. Changing the value of the local parameter inside the
method does not affect the value of the variable outside the
method.

 For a parameter of an array type, the value of the parameter

contains a reference to an array; this reference is passed to the
method. Any changes to the array that occur inside the method
body will affect the original array that was passed as the
argument. (pass-by-sharing in Java, pass-by-reference in C)
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 Simple Example
public class Test {
public static void main(String[] args) {
int x = 1; // x represents an int value
int[] y = new int[10]; // y represents an array of int values

m(x, y); // Invoke m with arguments x and y

System.out.println("x is " + x);

System.out.println("y[0] is " + y[0]);
}

public static void m(int number, int[] numbers) {

number = 1001; // Assign a new value to number
numbers[0] = 5555; // Assign a new value to numbers[0]
}
}

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 Call Stack

 Arrays are objects in Java (objects are introduced in Chapter 9).

The JVM stores the objects in an area of memory called the heap,
which is used for dynamic memory allocation.
 When invoking m(x, y), the values of x and y are passed to number
and numbers. Since y contains the reference value to the array,
numbers now contains the same reference value to the same array.
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 Passing an Array

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 Example, cont.
Stack Heap Stack
Space required for the
Space required for the swapFirstTwoInArray
swap method method
n2: 2 int[] array reference
n1: 1

Space required for the Space required for the

main method main method
int[] a reference int[] a reference
a[1]: 2
a[0]: 1
Invoke swap(int n1, int n2). Invoke swapFirstTwoInArray(int[] array).
The primitive type values in The arrays are The reference value in a is passed to the
a[0] and a[1] are passed to the stored in a swapFirstTwoInArray method.
swap method. heap.

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Returning an Array from a Method

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 Counting Occurrence of Each Letter
 Generate 100 lowercase letters randomly and assign to an array of
characters.
 Count the occurrence of each letter in the array.

Study this example on page 285

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
Variable-Length Arguments
You can pass a variable number of arguments of the same type to a method.
When invoking a method with a variable number of arguments, Java creates an
array and passes the arguments to it.

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 The Arrays class
Since sorting is frequently used in programming, Java provides several
overloaded sort methods for sorting an array of int, double, char, short,
long, and float in the java.util.Arrays class. For example, the following
code sorts an array of numbers and an array of characters (in ascending
order).

double[] numbers = {6.0, 4.4, 1.9, 2.9, 3.4, 3.5};

java.util.Arrays.sort(numbers);

char[] chars = {'a', 'A', '4', 'F', 'D', 'P'};

java.util.Arrays.sort(chars);

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 The Arrays class

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 The Arrays class

indices 1, 2, 3, 4 are filled

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