Web Technologies

• Web technology refers to the means by which computers

communicate with each other using markup languages and
multimedia packages.
• It gives us a way to interact with hosted information, like websites.
• Web technology involves the use of hypertext markup language
(HTML) and cascading style sheets (CSS).
Web Applications
• It is a client/server application that uses a Web browser as its client
program, and performs an interactive service by connecting with
servers over the Internet (or Intranet).
• A Web site simply delivers content from static files. A Web application
presents dynamically content based on request parameters, tracked
user behaviors, and security considerations.
Web Servers

• A web server is software and hardware that uses HTTP (Hypertext

Transfer Protocol) and other protocols to respond to client requests
made over the World Wide Web. The main job of a web server is to
display website content through storing, processing and delivering
webpages to users
Web servers
• The term web server can refer to hardware or software,
or both of them working together.

1.On the hardware side, a web server is a computer that stores web
server software and a website's component files (for example, HTML
documents, images, CSS stylesheets, and JavaScript files). A web server
connects to the Internet and supports physical data interchange with
other devices connected to the web.
Web Servers
2. On the software side, a web server includes several
parts that control how web users access hosted files. t a
minimum, this is an HTTP server. An HTTP server is
software that understands URLs (web addresses) and
HTTP (the protocol your browser uses to view webpages).
An HTTP server can be accessed through the domain
names of the websites it stores, and it delivers the
content of these hosted websites to the end user's
device.
Web Servers
• A static web server, or stack, consists of a computer
(hardware) with an HTTP server (software). We call it
"static" because the server sends its hosted files as-is to
your browser.
• A dynamic web server consists of a static web server
plus extra software, most commonly an application
server and a database. We call it "dynamic" because the
application server updates the hosted files before
sending content to your browser via the HTTP server.
Protocol of Web
• Internet Protocol (IP) is the method or protocol by which
data is sent from one computer to another on the
internet. Each computer -- known as a host -- on the
internet has at least one IP address that uniquely
identifies it from all other computers on the internet.
Types of Protocols used in Web
1. TCP/IP(Transmission Control Protocol/ Internet
Protocol):
These are a set of standard rules that allows different
types of computers to communicate with each other. TCP
specifies how data is exchanged over the internet and
how it should be broken into IP packets. It also makes
sure that the packets have information about the source
of the message data, the destination of the message
data, the sequence in which the message data should be
re-assembled, and checks if the message has been sent
correctly to the specific destination. The TCP is also
known as a connection-oriented protocol.
Types of Protocols used in Web
2. SMTP(Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)
These protocols are important for sending and
distributing outgoing emails. This protocol uses the
header of the mail to get the email id of the receiver and
enters the mail into the queue of outgoing mail. And as
soon as it delivers the mail to the receiving email id, it
removes the email from the outgoing list. The message
or the electronic mail may consider the text, video,
image, etc
Types of Protocols used in Web
3. PPP(Point-to-Point Protocol)
It is a communication protocol that is used to create a direct
connection between two communicating devices. This protocol defines
the rules using which two devices will authenticate with each other and
exchange information with each other. For example, A user connects his
PC to the server of an Internet Service Provider and also uses PPP.
Types of Protocols used in Web
4. FTP (File Transfer Protocol)
This protocol is used for transferring files from one system to the other.
This works on a client-server model. When a machine requests for file
transfer from another machine, it sets up a connection between the
two and authenticates each other using their ID and Password. And, the
desired file transfer takes place between the machines.
Types of Protocols used in Web
5. SFTP(Secure File Transfer Protocol)
SFTP encrypts files and data then sends them over a secure shell data
stream. This protocol is used to remotely connect to other systems
while executing commands from the command line.
6. HTTP(Hyper Text Transfer Protocol)
This protocol is used to transfer hypertexts over the internet and it is
defined by the www(world wide web) for information transfer. This
protocol defines how the information needs to be formatted and
transmitted.
Types of Protocols used in Web
7. HTTPS(HyperText Transfer Protocol Secure)
HTTPS is an extension of the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP). It is
used for secure communication over a computer network for
encryption and authentication. So, generally, a website has an HTTP
protocol but if the website is such that it receives some sensitive
information such as credit card details, debit card details, OTP, etc then
it requires an SSL(Secure Socket Layer) certificate installed to make the
website more secure. So, before entering any sensitive information on a
website, we should check if the link is HTTPS or not. If it is not HTTPS
then it may not be secure enough to enter sensitive information.
HTML(Hypertext Markup
Language)
• HTML stands for Hyper Text Markup Language
• HTML is the standard markup language for creating Web pages
• HTML describes the structure of a Web page
• HTML consists of a series of elements
• HTML elements tell the browser how to display the content
• HTML elements label pieces of content such as "this is a heading",
"this is a paragraph", "this is a link", etc.
CSS(Cascading Style Sheet)
• CSS stands for Cascading Style Sheets
• CSS describes how HTML elements are to be displayed on screen,
paper, or in other media
• CSS saves a lot of work. It can control the layout of multiple web
pages all at once
• External stylesheets are stored in CSS files
• It is used to define styles for your web pages, including the design,
layout and variations in display for different devices and screen sizes.
PHP (Hypertext Preprocessor)

• PHP is stands for "PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor"

• PHP is a widely-used, open source scripting language
• PHP scripts are executed on the server
• PHP is free to download and use
What can PHP Do?

• PHP can generate dynamic page content

• PHP can create, open, read, write, delete, and close files
on the server
• PHP can collect form data
• PHP can send and receive cookies
• PHP can add, delete, modify data in your database
• PHP can be used to control user-access
• PHP can encrypt data
What is PHP file?

•PHP files can contain text, HTML, CSS, JavaScript,

and PHP code
•PHP code is executed on the server, and the
result is returned to the browser as plain HTML
•PHP files have extension ".php"
JavaScript
• JavaScript is the Programming Language for the Web.
• JavaScript can update and change both HTML and CSS.
• JavaScript can calculate, manipulate and validate data.
Frameworks used for web
development
• Web development frameworks are a type of
software framework that can help you develop websites, web
apps, web services, web APIs, and web resources.
• The two types of web frameworks are:
i. Client-side framework – works in front end and used for
managing user interface
ii. Server-side framework – works in the background and is
used for smooth functioning of the website
Frameworks used for web
development
Mostly common used web development frameworks are:
1.JQuery
2. React
3.Ember
4. Django
5. Angular or Angular JS
6. ASP.NET
7. Laravel
8. Express
Client /Server Side scripting
• Scripting languages are a specific kind of computer
languages that you can use to give instructions to other
software, such as a web browser, server, or standalone
application.
• Client-side scripting simply means running scripts, such as
JavaScript, on the client device, usually within a browser. All
kinds of scripts can run on the client side if they are written in
JavaScript, because JavaScript is universally supported.
• Server-side scripting is a technique used in web development which involves
employing scripts on a web server which produces a response customized for
each user's (client's) request to the website.