LANGUAGE

systematic means of communicating ideas or

feelings
Dr. Rod C. Raguine
Math Professor
The LANGUAGE
of MATHEMATICS
COLLECTION OF SYMBOLS
COLLECTION OF SYMBOLS WITH MEANING
universal
LANGUAGE
The Language of Mathematics was designed so we can writ
about:

Things DIGITS
0, 1, 2, 3,
…
Language of Mathematics
 Complex Number (

Real Number () Imaginary Number ()

Rational Number
Irrational Number ()
()

Decimals () Integers ()

Negative/Non-positive Integers ()

Whole Numbers () Zero (Non-negative & Non-positive)

{0, 1, 2, 3,…}

Natural or Counting Numbers ()

{1, 2, 3,…} Positive/Non-negative Integers ()
The Language of Mathematics was designed so we can writ
about:

Things
symbols that "stand in”
for values
a,b,i,n,x,y,
…
Language of Mathematics
The Language of Mathematics was designed so we can writ
about:

Things
SPECIAL SYMBOLS
𝛼 𝜇Φ 𝜃 Π

Language of Mathematics
The Language of Mathematics was designed so we can writ
about:

What we Do
with those things
O P E RAT I O N
+− × ÷ ∪ ∩
Language of Mathematics
Characteristics
Mathematical o
Language
nontemp preci
powerf
oral conci
se
devoid of emotional
 an
NOUNS d
SENTENCE
 ENGLISH
NOUN SENTENCE
(name given to object of
(must state a complete thought)
interest)
Sometime
Perso
Place Thing True (T) False (F) s
n True/Som
The The etimes
capital capital False
Carol Manila dog (ST/SF)
of the of the
Philippin Philippin The dog
es is es is is black.
Manila. Makati.
 MATHEMATICS
EXPRESSION SENTENCE
(name given to mathematical (must state a complete
object of interest) thought)
Numbe Functio Ordere
r Set n Matrix d Pair T F ST/SF

8 {8} 𝑓 (𝑥)
[ 1 4
−2 3 ] (𝑥 , 𝑦 ) 1+1=2 1+1=11 𝑥=1
 MATHEMATICAL
EXPRESSION
expressions do not state a
complete thought
a correct arrangement of
mathematical symbols used to
represent a mathematical object of
interest
expressi expressi
on verb on

1+1=2
sentence
MATHEMATICAL SENTENCE
a correct arrangement of
mathematical symbols that
states a complete thought
 MATHEMATICS
EXPRESSION SENTENCE
(name given to mathematical (must state a complete
object of interest) thought)
Numbe Functio Ordere
r Set n Matrix d Pair T F ST/SF

8 {8} 𝑓 (𝑥)
[ 1 4
−2 3 ] (𝑥 , 𝑦 ) 1+1=2 1+1=11 𝑥=1
Truth of Sentences
Mathematical Sentence is a
formula that is either true or
false.
Open Sentence
contains one or more
variables
2 𝑥+3=10
𝑥+ 𝑦 =8
 ACTIVITY
(A) English Noun
(B) English
Sentence
(C) Math
Expression
(D) Math Sentence
 ACTIVITY
(A) Always True
(B) Always False
(C) Sometimes
True/False
onventions in th
Mathematical
Language
Convention
a fact, name, notation, or usage which
is generally agreed upon by
mathematicians
 12
one dozen
 𝜋
3.1416
 25
=2.08 3
12
Repeating decimals are sometimes
written with a bar over the digits that
repeat
 1
= 0. 142857
7
Repeating decimals are sometimes
written with a bar over the digits that
repeat
 Standard mathematical writing avoids
repeating the left-hand side in a sequence
of equations in which the left-hand side
remains constant.
 Standard mathematical writing avoids
repeating the left-hand side in a sequence
of equations in which the left-hand side
remains constant.
pemdas
Parenthesis. Exponent, Multiplication. Division.
Addition
Subtraction.
 Assignment
GiveNo. 3 20
at least
Mathematical Symbols
& Notations and their
Meanings
HOMEWORK: Give at least 20 Mathematical Symbols & Notations and their
Meanings

Mathematical Symbols & Notations and their Meanings

SYMBOL WHAT IT IS HOW IT IS READ HOW IT IS USED
multiplication times product of two values
sign

*Long Bond Paper

**Handwritten
NOTE: Exclude the four fundamental
operations
mathemati
Symbols
cs
Some Mathematics
Symbols
the sum of
there exists
for every, for all
element of, member of
not an element of
subset of
proper subset of
if…then
if and only if
infinity
Elementary Logic

variables
any letter used to stand for
a mathematical object,

Language of Mathematics
Elementary Logic - VARIABLES

Start of the alphabe

ab c d e…
Fixed values
Language of Mathematics
Elementary Logic - VARIABLES

From i to n
i j k l m n
Positive integers
Language of Mathematics
Elementary Logic - VARIABLES

end of the alphabet

… xyz
unknowns
Language of Mathematics
Elementary Logic – VARIABLES – example (1)

A number when added

to 5,
𝑥 + 5=12it will give 12

Language of Mathematics
Elementary Logic – VARIABLES – example (2)

A number from which 8 is

subtracted will give 9
𝑥 − 8= 9

Language of Mathematics
Elementary Logic – VARIABLES – example (3)

A number multiplied by
5 will give 30
5 𝑥 =30

Language of Mathematics
Elementary Logic – VARIABLES – example (4)

A number divided by
𝑥 9 will give 30
= 30
9

Language of Mathematics
Elementary Logic – VARIABLES – example (5)

A number is 20 less
than its square.
2
𝑥=𝑥 − 20
Language of Mathematics
Elementary Logic - VARIABLES– example (5)

Given any real number, its

square2is non-negative.
𝑟 ≥ 0
Given any real number r,
.
Language of Mathematics
mathemati
cs
Translations
4
basic
Concepts
Four Basic Concepts

SETS
things grouped together with a certain
property in common

Language of Mathematics
Four Basic Concepts - SETS

The set of students in DHVSU

The set of vowels of the English
Alphabet
The set of my siblings
The set of my pets
The set of letters in the word
PAMPANGA
Language of Mathematics
Four Basic Concepts - SETS

braces
Language of Mathematics
Four Basic Concepts - SETS

F=
Name of a set is denoted with a CAPITAL
LETTER
Language of Mathematics
Four Basic Concepts - SETS

W=
elements
Language of Mathematics
Four Basic Concepts - SETS

elements
members of a

∈
set

“is an element of”

Language of Mathematics
Four Basic Concepts - SETS

shoe is an
element of W
shoe W
s W
Language of Mathematics
Four Basic Concepts - SETS

p F

Language of Mathematics
Four Basic Concepts – NUMBER OF ELEMENTS IN A SET

A = {b}
B={1,2,3,4,5}
F = {thumb, index, middle, ring,
pinky}
G = {a, b, c, d,…x, y, z}
finite set
elements are countable
Language of Mathematics
Four Basic Concepts – NUMBER OF ELEMENTS IN A SET

The set of stars in the Galaxy

The set of grains in a sack of palay
The set of radii of a given circle
N = {1,2,3,…}

Infinite
elements are impossible to count
set
Language of Mathematics
Four Basic Concepts – NUMBER OF ELEMENTS IN A SET

W = {shoe, sock, shirt, watch,

…}
ellipsi
...
Infinite
set
s
“and so
forth”
Language of Mathematics
Four Basic Concepts – NUMBER OF ELEMENTS IN A SET

A set of college students less than ten

years old

∅ {}
The set of months containing 32 days

Null/empty
a set with no elements
set
Language of Mathematics
Four Basic Concepts - SUBSETS

subset
B is a subset of A if and only if every
element of B is in A.

⊆
Language of Mathematics
Four Basic Concepts - SUBSETS

4 A 5
A={1,2,3,4,
5} B
1 3
B={1,2,3} 2
Language of Mathematics
Four Basic Concepts – SUBSETS

A = {1, 2, 3, 4,
B= 5 }𝐵⊆ 𝐴
{1,2,3}
C = {3,4} 𝐶⊆ 𝐴
D = {1} 𝐷⊆ 𝐴
PROPER SUBSETS
Language of Mathematics
Four Basic Concepts – SUBSETS

Proper Subset
B is a proper subset of A if and only if
every element in B is also in A, and there

⊂
exist at least one element in A that is
not in B

Language of Mathematics
Four Basic Concepts – SUBSETS

A = {1, 2, 3, 4,
𝐵⊆ 𝐴 𝐵⊂ 𝐴
B = {1, 2, 5}
3}
C = {3,4} 𝐶⊆ 𝐴 𝐶⊂ 𝐴
D = {1} 𝐷⊆ 𝐴 𝐷⊂ 𝐴
E = {1, 6} 𝐸⊈ 𝐴
Language of Mathematics
Four Basic Concepts – SUBSETS

A = {1, 2, 3, 4,
F = {1, 2, 3,5} 𝐹⊆𝐴
4,5}
G = {2, 3, 1, 𝐺⊆ 𝐴
H = {1,1, 2, 3, 3, 4, 5,𝐻
5,4} 5}⊆ 𝐴
I = {}
a setdoes
order is a subset of
not matter
𝐼 ⊆ 𝐴
repetition does not of Mathematics
itself Language
Four Basic Concepts – SETS -- SUBSET

A = {1, 2, 3,
I = {} 4, 5} 𝐼⊆ 𝐴
the empty set is a subset of
every set, including the
empty itself
Language of Mathematics
Four Basic Concepts – SUBSETS

Improper Subset
For every set there are only two
improper subsets, these are:

Set
Itself
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Four Basic Concepts – SETS

equal sets
sets with the same
(=)
elements

equivalent sets
sets with the same
() of
number
elements
Language of Mathematics
Four Basic Concepts - SETS

Set notation
set-roster notation
set-builder notation

Language of Mathematics
Four Basic Concepts – SETS -- SET NOTATION

SET-ROSTER
listing each element,
separated by comma

A = {1, 2, 3,
4, 5}
Language of Mathematics
Four Basic Concepts – SETS -- SET NOTATION

SET-BUILDER
defined by a property
B = {x | x is a prime and
x<20}
“the set of x such that x is
prime and x is less than 20”

Language of Mathematics
Four Basic Concepts –SET NOTATION – Example (1)

𝐴= { 𝑆𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑑𝑎𝑦 , 𝑆𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑦 }
𝐴= { 𝑥∨𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑘𝑒𝑛𝑑 }

Language of Mathematics
Four Basic Concepts –SET NOTATION – Example (2)

𝐵={ 𝑎 ,𝑒 , 𝑖 ,𝑜 , 𝑢 }
𝐵={ 𝑥∨𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑣𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑙 𝑖𝑛 𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑖𝑠h 𝑎𝑙𝑝h𝑎𝑏𝑒𝑡 }

Language of Mathematics
Four Basic Concepts –SET NOTATION – Example (3)

𝐶={ 𝐽𝑎𝑛𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑦 , 𝐽𝑢𝑛𝑒, 𝐽𝑢𝑙𝑦 }

𝐶 ={ 𝑥∨𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑡h 𝑤h𝑜𝑠𝑒 𝑛𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑠 𝑤𝑖𝑡h 𝑙𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝐽 }

Language of Mathematics
Four Basic Concepts –SET NOTATION – Example (4)

𝐷={2 , 4 , 6 ,8 ,10 ,… }
𝐷={ 𝑥∨𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 }

Language of Mathematics
Four Basic Concepts –SET NOTATION – Example (5)

𝐸={1 ,2 , 3 , 4 , … }
𝐸= { 𝑥∨𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑟 }
𝐸= { 𝑥∨𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 }
𝐸= { 𝑥∨𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 }
𝐸= { 𝑥∨𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑜𝑛 −𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑟 , 𝑥 ≠ 0 }

Language of Mathematics
Four Basic Concepts –SET NOTATION – Example (6)

𝐹 = { 𝑥∨𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑘𝑑𝑎𝑦 }
𝐹 ={ 𝑀𝑜 𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑦 ,𝑇𝑢𝑒𝑠𝑑𝑎𝑦 ,𝑊𝑒𝑑𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑑𝑎𝑦 , 𝑇h𝑢𝑟𝑠𝑑𝑎𝑦 , 𝐹𝑟𝑖𝑑𝑎𝑦 }

Language of Mathematics
Four Basic Concepts –SET NOTATION – Example (7)

𝐺= { 𝑥∨𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑜𝑟 𝑖𝑛 𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑏𝑜𝑤 }

𝐺={𝑟𝑒𝑑, 𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 , 𝑦𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤 , 𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑛 , 𝑏𝑙𝑢𝑒 , 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑔𝑜, 𝑣𝑖𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑡 }

Language of Mathematics
Four Basic Concepts –SET NOTATION – Example (8)

𝐻 ={ 𝑥∨𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 15 𝑎𝑛𝑑 65 }

𝐻 ={16 ,25 ,36 , 49 , 64 }

Language of Mathematics
Four Basic Concepts –SET NOTATION – Example (9)

𝐼 = { 𝑥 ∈ ℝ ∨𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛 𝑜𝑑𝑑 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑡h𝑎𝑛 10 }

𝐼 = { 𝑥 ∈ ℝ ∨𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛 𝑜𝑑𝑑 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 , 𝑥< 10 }

𝐼={9 , 7 , 5 , 3 , 1 ,−1 , −3 , … }

Language of Mathematics
Four Basic Concepts –SET NOTATION – Example (10)

𝐽 = { 𝑥 ∈ ℤ ∨𝑥 <2 }
𝐽={1 , 0 ,− 1 ,− 2 ,… }

Language of Mathematics
Four Basic Concepts –SET NOTATION – Example (11)

𝐾 = { 𝑥 ∈ ℤ ∨𝑥 ≥ 2 }
𝐾 ={2 , 3 , 4 , … }

Language of Mathematics
Four Basic Concepts –SET NOTATION – Example (12)

𝐿= { 𝑥 ∈ ℤ ∨−2< 𝑥 <2 }

𝐿={−1 , 0 , 1 }
Language of Mathematics
Four Basic Concepts –SET NOTATION – Example (13)

𝑀 = { 𝑥 ∈ ℤ ∨−2 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2 }

𝑀={−2 , −1 , 0 , 1 , 2}
Language of Mathematics
Four Basic Concepts –SET NOTATION – Example (14)

𝑁 =¿

𝑁 ={1}
Language of Mathematics
Four Basic Concepts –SET NOTATION – Example (15)

𝑂= { 𝑥 ∈ ℤ ∨ − 2< 𝑥 ≤ 2 }
−

𝑂={−1 }
Language of Mathematics
Four Basic Concepts –SET NOTATION – Example (16)

𝑃= { 𝑥 ∈ 𝕎 ∨−2< 𝑥 <2 }

𝑃={0 ,1 }
Language of Mathematics
Four Basic Concepts –SET NOTATION – Example (17)

𝑄= { 𝑥 ∈ ℕ∨− 3< 𝑥 <5 , 𝑥 ≠ 3 }

𝑄={1 ,2 , 4 }
Language of Mathematics
Four Basic Concepts –SET NOTATION – Example (18)

𝑅= { 𝑥 ∈ ℕ ∨− 2< 𝑥<1 }

𝑅=∅
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Assignment No. 4::

Describe each of the following sets.

Let
and

Evaluate the truth and falsity of each of the following statements.

1. C and B have at least one element in common

Four Basic Concepts

functions
mathematical transformation

Language of Mathematics
Four Basic Concepts - FUNCTIONS

the square root of 5

5 is equal to25
the square root of
25

Language of Mathematics
Four Basic Concepts - FUNCTIONS

four plus
two times
the cosine of
the logarithm of
Functions transforms numbers
into numbers
concerned in
processLanguage of Mathematics
Four Basic Concepts

relations
potential relationship

Language of Mathematics
Four Basic Concepts - RELATIONS

5 is less than
10
Relations refers to a property rather
than an object
Language of Mathematics
Four Basic Concepts

Binary operations
a calculation that combines two elements of
the set (called “operands” to produce another
element of the set

+− × ÷
Language of Mathematics
Four Basic Concepts

Binary operations
a calculation that combines two elements of
the set (called “operands” to produce another

∗
element of the set

Language of Mathematics
Four Basic Concepts – BINARY OPERATION

commutative
PROPERTY
𝑥 ∗ 𝑦 =𝑦 ∗ 𝑥
+×
Language of Mathematics
Four Basic Concepts – BINARY OPERATION

associative
PROPERTY
𝑥 ∗( 𝑦 ∗ 𝑧 )=( 𝑥 ∗ 𝑦 )∗ 𝑧
+×
Language of Mathematics
Four Basic Concepts – BINARY OPERATION

identity
PROPERTY
𝑒∗ 𝑥=𝑥 ∗𝑒

Language of Mathematics
Four Basic Concepts – BINARY OPERATION

inverse
PROPERTY
𝑥 ∗ 𝑦 =𝑦 ∗ 𝑥=𝑒

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One should NOT aim at being
possible to understand,
but at being IMPOSSIBLE to
misunderstand.
QUINTILIAN, CIRCA 100 AD