Programming Fundamental

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 Array
• Offers a simple way of grouping like variables for easy access
• It is a group of elements having same data type
• An array is a collective name given to a group of ‘similar quantities’
• Arrays in C++ share a few common attributes
• Variables in an array share the same name
• Variables in an array share the same data type
• Individual variables in an array are called elements
• Elements in an array are accessed with an index number

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 Cont.

Cout<<“x= ”<<x;

• Ordinary variables are capable of holding only one value at a time

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 Cont.
• For example, suppose we want to arrange the percentage marks
obtained by 100 students in ascending order
• In such a case we have two options to store these marks in memory:
• Declare 100 variables to store percentage marks obtained by 100
different students, i.e. each variable containing marks of single student
int m1, m2, m3 ……… m100;
• Declare one variable (called array or subscripted variable) capable of
storing or holding all the hundred values

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 Array declaration

int marks[10];

type Array name size

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

500 504 508 512 516 520 524 528 532 530
Memory address of array elements 5
 How to access array elements
int x; int marks[10];
x= 2; marks[0] = 2;
Cout<<x; marks[1] = 3;
Cout<<x; Cout<<marks[2])
Cout<<“marks [2] = ”<< marks[2])
x 43
2 Output
695 x = 43 Output
marks [2] = 16
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
2 3 16
500 504 508 512 516 520 524 528 532 530
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 Points to remember
• Array is a collection of elements having same data type
• Memory allocate to array elements are continuous
• Array size must be mentioned in array declaration ( int marks
[10]; )
• Array index always starts with 0
• In 10 elements array, index of first elements is 0 and index of
last element is 9
• Array element can be access using array index

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 A Simple Program Using Array
• Write a program that take 10 integer from user and then display
those integers

Write a program

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 Marks program

Cout<<“Enter Marks ”<<endl;

Cout<<“Average is = ”<<avg<<endl;
Go to program
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Marks program

Go to program
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Array initialization

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 Bounds Checking
• In C++ there is no check to see if the subscript used for an array exceeds the size of
the array
• Data entered with a subscript exceeding the array size will simply be placed in
memory outside the array

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

500 504 508 512 516 520 524 528 532 530

• To see to it that we do not reach beyond the array size is entirely the programmer’s
botheration and not the compiler’s
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 Passing Array Elements to a Function
• Array elements can be passed to a function by calling the function by
value
• In the call by value we pass values of array elements to the function

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Value of array element pass to a function
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
55 65 75 56 78 78 90
500 504 508 512 516 520 524

ii ==406
2
3
1
5
7
display(marks[6])
display(marks[5])
display(marks[2])
display(marks[3])
display(marks[4])
display(marks[o])
display(marks[1])
display(90)
display(78)
display(75)
display(56)
Program output display(55)
display(65)
Cout<<m;
55
65
75
56
78
78
90 14
 Two Dimensional Arrays
• It is also possible for arrays to have two or more dimensions
• For example you want to input roll no and mark of 4 students.
• Since we know 1D array, so for this problem we can have two
1D array
– One for roll number
– Second for marks
• One 2D array can be used to store these values

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• #include<iostream>
•
• using namespace std;
•
• main()
• {
• int first[10][10];
• Int m,n;
•
• cout << "Enter the number of rows and columns of matrix ";
• cin >> m >> n;
• cout << "Enter the elements of matrix\n";
• for ( c = 0 ; c < m ; c++ )
• for ( d = 0 ; d < n ; d++ )
• cin >> first[c][d];

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Initializing a 2-Dimensional Array

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 Example program
• Write a program that adds two 4 x 4 matrices.

3 5 6 1 4 2 -7 0 7 7 -1 1
5 3 2 9 5 7 3 1 10 10 5 10
1 0 -3 4 + 6 3 -1 0 = 7 3 -4 4
7 2 3 -9 8 9 -2 3 15 11 1 -6

Write a program

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