ARP & RARP 10.10.10.

“ Bridging the Gap: Mapping Network Addresses to

MAC Addresses and MAC Addresses to Network
00:1A:2B:3C:4D:5E
Addresses “
 Name Roll no

1. Swati Patil 22202A0035

2. Apurva 22202A0036
Meet Our team member
Pedneker

3. Snehal 22202A0052
Mohite
4. Sakshi Sarge 22202A0060
OSI Model Overview for ARP and RARP

OSI Model Basics:

The OSI model defines seven layers,

each with specific functions in network
communication.

Layer Relevance:
ARP operates at Layer 2 (Data Link
Layer), resolving IP addresses to MAC
addresses.
RARP operates at Layer 3 (Network
Layer), obtaining IP addresses from
known MAC addresses.

ARP and RARP Interaction:

ARP and RARP facilitate address
resolution within the OSI model,
1. Address Resolution: 2. Importance in Networking:
• Address resolution is the process • Address resolution is fundamental for
of mapping network layer enabling communication between
addresses (such as IP addresses) devices within a network.
to data link layer addresses (such • It allows devices to identify each other
as MAC addresses) within a local on the same network segment and
network. facilitates efficient data transmission.
 Overview of ARP and
RARP
• ARP (Address Resolution Protocol) and RARP (Reverse
Address Resolution Protocol) are protocols used for address
resolution in computer networks.
• ARP resolves IP addresses to MAC addresses, while RARP
resolves MAC addresses to IP addresses.
• Both protocols play crucial roles in enabling communication
within local networks.
 Address Resolution Protocol
(ARP) is a protocol or procedure
that connects an ever-changing
Internet Protocol (IP) address to a
fixed physical machine address,
also known as a media access
control (MAC) address, in a local-
area network (LAN).

ARP
Address Resolution
Protocol
 Sender knows the IP address of
Working Of
the target and it want to know the
hardware address of the target
Address
Resolution
Protocol

Sender

Receiver
 Broadcast Request box
• Sender IP address
• Sender Hardware address
Sender • Target IP address Computer A

IP: 10.10.10.1
IP: 10.10.10.1

v
IP: 10.10.10.1 IP: 10.10.10.1
Computer C Computer B
 Let’s find target
address!! The target IP
10.10.10.3 not Me!!
Sender

Sender machine want to IP : 10.10.10.2

find the machine whose Computer A
target IP: 10.10.10.3

The target IP
10.10.10.3 its Me!!

The target IP address

10.10.10.3 is not me !!

IP : 10.10.10.4 IP : 10.10.10.2
Computer C Computer B
 Sender receive the
message and now it
knows the hardware ARP message is unicast that contain
address of target target IP machine’s hardware
Sender address: 10s.15E.8T.90T
machine

Target machine
Computer B
IP:10.10.10.3
Address
Resolution
Protocol
Packet format
Address Resolution Protocol
 ARP Example Scenario: Device
Communication in a Local
Network
Scenario: Device A (Computer) needs to communicate with Device B (Printer)
on the same local area network (LAN).

• Device A's Request:

Device A knows Device B's IP address (192.168.1.2) but not its MAC address.

• ARP Request Broadcast:

Device A broadcasts an ARP request onto the LAN, asking, "Who has the IP
address 192.168.1.2?“

• Device B's Response:

Device B recognizes its IP address in the ARP request and replies with its
MAC address (e.g., BB:BB:BB:BB:BB:BB).

• ARP Reply Unicast:

Device A receives Device B's MAC address and updates its ARP cache.

• Communication Established:
Device A can now construct Ethernet frames with Device B's MAC
address, enabling successful communication.
 The Reverse Address Resolution
Protocol (RARP) translates
unique hardware addresses into
Internet addresses on the
Ethernet local area network
(LAN) adapter (Ethernet protocol
only).

RARP
Reverse Address Resolution
Protocol
 Working of Reverse Address Resolution Protocol

Request box

Sender Computer A
1e.5t.89.6lo T56.u78.b89.op

Computer B Computer c
E4.V67.H8.N90 78.h6.n9.r8
 Working of Reverse Address Resolution Protocol

Sender Computer A
1e.5t.89.6lo T56.u78.b89.op

Reply : Your IP
address is 10.10.10.5

Computer B Computer c
E4.V67.H8.N90 78.h6.n9.r8
Reverse
Address
Resolution
Protocol
Packet format
 RARP Example Scenario:
Device Communication in
RARP Example Scenario: Dynamic IP Address Assignment a Local Network
• Scenario: A diskless workstation needs to obtain its IP address
dynamically using RARP (Reverse Address Resolution Protocol).

• Workstation Boot-Up:
The diskless workstation boots up without a configured IP address.

• RARP Request Broadcast:

The workstation broadcasts a RARP request onto the network, asking,
“ What is my IP address?“

• RARP Server Response:

A RARP server on the network receives the request and responds with
an IP address assignment for the workstation (e.g., 192.168.1.10).

• IP Address Configuration:
The workstation receives the IP address from the RARP server and
configures its network interface accordingly.

• Communication Establishment:
With a dynamically assigned IP address, the workstation can now
communicate with other devices on the network.
Address resolution Protocol Security
consideration
 ARP Spoofing:
ARP spoofing occurs when an attacker sends falsified ARP messages
over a local area network. By doing so, the attacker can associate their
MAC address with the IP address of another legitimate device,
thereby intercepting or modifying network traffic intended for that
device.

 ARP Cache Poisoning:

ARP cache poisoning involves the manipulation of ARP tables or
caches on network devices to redirect traffic to malicious
destinations.

 Man-in-the-Middle Attacks:
ARP is vulnerable to man-in-the-middle attacks, where an attacker
intercepts communication between two parties. By spoofing ARP
messages, the attacker can position themselves between the
communicating parties and eavesdrop on or manipulate the traffic.
Reverse Address resolution Protocol
Security consideration

 Authentication and Authorization:

RARP lacks built-in authentication mechanisms, making it
susceptible to unauthorized requests for IP address assignments.

 Data Integrity and Confidentiality:

Since RARP lacks encryption and data integrity mechanisms,
sensitive information exchanged during the RARP process,
such as IP address assignments, may be susceptible to
interception or manipulation by attackers.

 Denial of Service (DoS) Attacks:

RARP servers can be targeted in denial-of-service attacks,
disrupting network operations by overwhelming the server with
a high volume of RARP requests or flooding the network with
falsified RARP messages.
Reverse Address Resolution
Protocol
 ARP (Address Resolution
Protocol):
• Advantages: • Drawbacks:
Simplifies network communication by mapping IP Vulnerable to ARP spoofing attacks, compromising
addresses to MAC addresses. network security.
Essential for local network connectivity and Broadcast-based approach can lead to network
routing. congestion and latency in large networks.
RARP (Reverse Address Resolution
Protocol):

•Advantages:
1.Provides a method for systems to
discover their IP addresses using their
MAC addresses.
2.Useful for bootstrapping diskless
workstations in legacy environments.

•Drawbacks:
1.Requires manual configuration of MAC-
to-IP mappings, which can be complex
and error-prone.
2.Lacks built-in security fatures, making it
susceptible to spoofing and other attacks.
 Key Considerations

• Key considerations for ARP and RARP include their fundamental

roles in networking, vulnerability to security threats, and
limitations such as manual configuration requirements.
• Despite these drawbacks, ARP remains essential for local network
communication, while RARP serves niche purposes such as
bootstrapping diskless workstations.
• To mitigate security risks and improve efficiency, future network
designs should explore alternative protocols and security
enhancements.
Transitioning towards more advanced protocols like DHCP can
address some of the shortcomings of ARP and RARP, providing better
address management and network security.
 Difference between ARP and RARP

Address resolution protocol Reverse address resolution protocol

A protocol used to map an IP address to a A protocol used to map a physical (MAC)

physical (MAC) address address to an IP address.

In ARP, ARP table is managed or maintain by In RARP , RARP table is managed or maintained
local host. by RARP server.

In Address resolution protocol, receiver’s MAC In reverse address resolution protocol, IP

address is fetched. address is fetched

Hosts and router uses ARP for knowing the RARP is used by small user having less facilities.
MAC address of other hosts and routers in the
networks
Address resolution protocol Reverse address resolution protocol

Client broadcasts its IP address and requests a Client broadcasts its MAC address and requests
MAC address, and the server responds with the an IP address, and the server responds with the
corresponding MAC address corresponding IP address

Through ARP, (32-bit) IP address mapped into Whereas through RARP, (48-bit) MAC address
(48-bit) MAC address. of 48 bits mapped into (32-bit) IP address

IP addresses MAC Address

Widely used in modern networks to resolve IP Rarely used in modern networks as most
addresses to MAC addresses devices have a pre-assigned IP address
*CONCLUSION*

ARP and RARP serve vital roles in networking by

facilitating address resolution and bootstrapping
processes. While ARP simplifies local network
communication, it remains vulnerable to security
threats such as ARP spoofing. RARP, though useful
for discovering IP addresses, lacks robust security
features and requires manual configuration.
Moving forward, emphasis on enhancing security
measures and transitioning to more advanced
protocols like DHCP is essential to address these
limitations and ensure the integrity and efficiency
of network operations. Despite their drawbacks,
ARP and RARP have played significant roles in
networking, but continued innovation is necessary
to adapt to evolving security challenges and
THANK
YOU!!